Kidney

HOMEOSTASIS IN HUMAN
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment. Physical factor such as body temperature and blood pressure while chemical factor are sugar level and osmotic pressure such as partial of carbon dioxide and oxygen The excretory system Plays an important role in homeostasis The primary organs of the excretory system are the kidneys.
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Function of the kidneys

1. Helps to regulates the water and salt balance in the body by excreting more or less salt, and increasing the in take or loss of water. 2. Regulate the osmotic pressure and ionic levels in the blood 3. Excrete waste products. 4. Regulate the blood pH Waste products excreted by the kidneys are substances that are not useful to the body such as waste products from the metabolic reaction (urea, creatinine and uric acid) and foreign substances in the diet (drugs or toxins)
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The human kidney

The kidneys filter the blood and form the urine which is exits the body through the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Urine consists of water, urea and other dissolved waste, and some excess nutrients. Human kidney has two distinct region: a) Renal cortex b) Renal medulla

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The nephron
a) b) c) a) b) c) The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The human kidney consists of about 1 million nephrons. A nephron consists of three major parts: Glomerulus Bowmans capsule Renal tubule Renal tubule is made up of the: Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule
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 1. 2. 3.

Ultrafiltration

Nephron perform three basic process: Ultrafiltration Reabsorption Secretion When the blood enters the glomerulus, ultrafiltration take place when the high pressure forces fluid through the filtration membrane into the capsular space The fluid that enters into the capsular space is called the glomerular filtrate glomerular filtrate contain water, glucose, amino acid, urea, mineral salt and other small molecule. Some composition as blood plasma but not contain red blood cells and plasma protein
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Ultrafiltration in bowmans capsule

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Reabsorption
Reabsorption take place when the substance moves across the renal tubule into the capillary network. In the proximal convoluted tubule, there are abundance of mitochondria to generate ATP for the process of active transport that used to reabsorb glucose and amino acid. Solute concentration in the capillary network is increase, so that water moves into the blood capillary by osmosis In the loop of Henle, water, sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed.
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 At the distal convoluted tubule, more water, sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed. B the time, the filtrate reaches the collecting duct, very little salt left and 99% of water has been reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Only 1% of water in the filtrate actually leaves the body as urine. Some urea diffuses out into the surrounding fluid and blood because of its small molecular size. Finally, about 45% of the original urea remain in the collecting duct to be excrete in the urine.

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Notes about Kidney Dialysis: The main stages that blood passes through during the dialysis process include:
Blood enters machine from body (under pressure from radial artery). Pump (some diagrams show a roller pump) controls pressure and flow rate. Anticoagulant added to prevent clotting. Blood passes through dialysis membrane (equivalent to kidney nephrons). Bubble Trap removes any gas bubbles from blood. Blood is filtered then returned to the patient's radial vein.
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After meal Rise in blood glucose level

During fasting or after exercise Drop in blood glucose level

Secretion of more insulin or less glucagon by pancreas

Secretion of less insulin or more glucagon by pancreas

Liver cells Increase in + absorb glucose uptake glucose from by body cells blood to form for respiration glycogen

Liver cell Decrease in break down + glucose uptake glycogen into by body cells glucose for respiration

Blood glucose level returns to normal

BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN

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 Konsert FMFA 2014 (Future Muzik Festival Asia 2014) terpaksa dihentikan apabila lima mati manakala empat lagi kritikal dipercayai akibat sesak nafas. Tetapitetapi selepas pemeriksaan dan siasatan dijalankan ruparupanya kelima-lima yang mati itu berpunca disebabakan pengambilan dadah secara berlebihan. (overdose)

 Konsert FMFA 2014 (Future Muzik Festival Asia 2014) : 6 Mati KAMAL ZEKRY bin KAMAL BASHA (Meninggal di PPUM) No. KPT : 920424-14-5329 (L) VICTOR WONG E HERN (Meninggal di PPUM) No. KPT : 880712-295029 (L) SABREENA bte KAMARUDIN (Meninggal Dunia di PPUM) No. KPT : 931216-14-6582 SURESH A/L MOHAN (Meninggal Dunia di PPUKM) No. KPT : 860616-43-5599 (L) SYAZANA SOHAIME (Meninggal Dunia di PPUKM) No. KPT : 91012408-6786 (P) NOR FAIZZA bte MOHD WAZIR (Kritikal di PPUKM) No. KPT : 870620-56-5336) meninggal dunia

Practising a healthy lifestyle

Drugs can alter brain functions and the rates at which neurones release neurotransmitters There are some types of drug and their effects on the body:

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Stimulants

Increase the activity of the central nervous system Cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines & caffeine increase the heart rate and alertness Hallucinations, LSD perceive things that do not exist

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Depressants

Slow down the activity of the central nervous system Alcohol, barbiturates & heroin slow down the breathing rate &lower blood pressure

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