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Immune System
• CELLULAR SECRETIONS
a. Interferons = small anti-viral proteins
produced by virus-infected cells
• BLOOD PROTEINS
a. Complement = a group of 30 different
proteins in blood plasma
= constitutes the “complement system”
Consequences of Complement Activation:
1. Initiation and amplification of inflammation
2. Chemotaxis = attraction of phagocytes
to the sites to w/c they are needed
3. Activation of leukocytes
4. Lysis of bacteria and other foreign cells
5. Opsonization = increased phagocytosis
by phagocytic cells
= phagocytosis facilitated by deposition
of opsonins on the surface
b. Prostaglandins
- membrane associated lipids acting
like local hormones
- controls platelet aggregation,
inflammation, immune response,
pain production, etc.
• PHAGOCYTOSIS
2 most important phagocytes:
1. NEUTROPHILS (granulocytes)
= most efficient and abundant
2. MACROPHAGES
= from monocytes
a. wandering – leave the bloodstream
b. fixed – remain in tissues and organs
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Steps in Phagocytosis:
1. CHEMOTAXIS
2. ATTACHMENT
3. INGESTION
4. DIGESTION
• INFLAMMATION
= a complex series of events as the body
responds to any local injury, irritation,
microbial invasion, or toxins
Purposes of Inflammation:
1. Localize an infection
2. Prevent spread
3. Neutralize toxins
4. Aid in repair of damaged tissue
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
• Bacterial toxoids
Ex. tetanus
B. Artificial Passive
ex. microorganisms
ANTIBODIES
- glycoproteins produced by lymphocytes
in response to the presence of an antigen
- formed by B lymphocytes
- “immunoglobulins”
• IgD
- less than 1% on serum Igs
- large amounts on B cell surfaces
• IgE
- less than 1% in serum but in large amounts
in basohils and mast cells (allergy)
• IgG
- 70 to 75% of the total Ig pool
- smallest and can cross the placenta
• IgM
- 10% of the serum Ig pool
- largest Ig and the first to be formed in
the primary response to antigens
- most efficient complement fixing Ig
• Agammaglobulinemia
= inability to produce antibodies
• Hupogammaglobulinemia
= produce insufficient amounts of Abs
• Immunosuppressed
= unable to make Abs following
chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drug
injection
IMMUNE RESPONSES
Humoral Immunity
= “antibody-mediated immunity”
= involves antibody production
Cell-mediated Immunity
= complex system of interactions between
many types of cells and cellular
secretions
HYPERSENSITIVITY
• INHERITED
= treated with bone marrow transplant
Ex. Chediak-Higashi synd.
Wiskott-Aldrich synd.
Med. Tech
IMMUNOLOGY
&
SEROLOGY
LYMPHOCYTE EFFECTOR
FUNCTION
antigen – antibody complexes
Humoral Immunity
1. Precipitation
2. Agglutination
3. Neutralization
4. Opsonization
5. Antibody dependent cytotoxicity
6. Complement activation
7. Immediate hypersensitivity
vaccination
Regulation of Immune Response
- immune system goes awry
autoimmunity