Prenatal Development (Embryo and Fetus)

E. Suryadi, Anatomy, Embryology and Anthropology Department

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Cleavage

Early division of zygote into multiple cells without increase in size, partitions contents Morula
solid ball of cells

Zygote Blastocyst
with blastocoele cavity 3

UMUR 3 SAMPAI 7 MINGGU

Introduction
Embryology is the study of the development of Embryo or a part of Developmental Anatomy Developmental anatomy is continuous process That begins when an ovum is fertilized by a sperm until ends at death A process of change and growth which transform the zygote as a single cell into a multi cellular, multi tissues, multi organs in adult human body Development usually divide into prenatal and post natal Natal (=birth) is a dramatic event during development

Term of Prenatal Period

Zygote: the cell result from fertilization of an ovum by a sperm Cleavage: Mitotic division of zygote
Formation of daughter cells (=blastomeres) become smaller and smaller Blastomere is totipotent cell or multi-potent cell

Morula: when 16 blastomeres have formed Blastocyst (=blastula) = forming a cavity this converts from the morula into a blastocyst Embryo: developmental stage from the bilaminar embryonic disc form until all major structure are present (2nd 8th week)
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 Fetus: Prenatal period after the embryonic period (8th) to birth Concepts: The product of conception it includes all structure which develop from zygote to both embryonic and extra embryonic tissues

Stages of development
Early development is blastulation (the first week) Formation of the bilaminar embryo and implantation (the second week) Formation of the trilaminar embryo and morphogenetion (the third week) The embryonic period and organogenetion( the fourth to the eight week) The fetal period (the ninth week to birth)

The First Week

Fertilization Consist of the fusion of sperm and a ovum This process occur as follows
1. The sperm passes through the corona radiata 2. The sperm penetrates the zona pellucida 3. The sperm head attaches to the surface of the ovum

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4. The ovum reacts to sperm contact two ways a. Changes occur in the zona pelluzida and ovums cell membrane which prevent polysperm b. The oocyt continue second meiotic division process and expels the second polar body and the female pronucleus formation 5. Sperm loses its tail and its head enlarge to form the male pronuclei 6. The male and female pronuclei approach each other in the center of the ovum

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Result of Fertilization
1. Restoration of diploid chromosome number 2. Species variation 3. Sex determination 4. Initiation of cleavage

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The first week

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Cleavage
As the zigote passes down the uterine tube undergoes cleavage into a number of small blastomeres About three days after fertilization a ball form contain 16 blastomeres called the morula, enters the uterus Blastomere is totipotent cells

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Blastula
A cavity soon forms in morules, called blastocyst consisting of an inner cell mass (or embryoblast), which gives rises to the embryo A blastocyst cavity, which become primitive yolk sac An outer layer at cell (or trophoblast), which enclose the inner cell mass and blastocyst cavity

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 On fourth and fifth day the zona pellucida degradations and disappears and on sixth day the blastula adheres to the endometrial epithelium The trophoblastic cells invade the epithelium and stromes endometrium The trophoblast gradually differs into two layer
1) An inner cytotrophoblast 2) An outer syncytrotrophablast

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 On seventh day the embryonic endoderm begins to form on the ventral surface at the inner cell mass. This is the first primary germ layer The blastocyst beginning implanted in the endometrial living of the uterus

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The second week: implantation and chorion formation Implantation: begins at the end at the first week and ends during the second week Implantation process as follow 1. Zona pellucida disappears (4-5) 2. Blastocyst attaches to endometrial epithelium (6) 3. Trophoblast erodes epithelium and endometrial stroma (7) 4. Trophoblast will be differed into cytotrophoblastic and syncytiotrophoblastic layer (7 to 8)

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5. Lacunae appear in syncytrotrophoblast (8 to 9) 6. Blastocyst sinks beneath surface of endometrial epithelium (9-10) 7. Lacunar networks form (10 11) 8. Trophoblast invades endometrium sinusoid, and establish a uteroplacental circulation (11 to 12) 9. Endometrial epithelium completely re-forms over the implanted blastocyst (12 to 13) 10. Marked decidual reaction occurs in the endometrium (13-14)

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Implantation - embedding of

blastocyst into uterine lining begins at day 7

Blastocyst - with blastocoele cavity Trophoblast - outer layer of cells Inner cell mass - will form embryo

Trophoblast forms syncytial trophoblast- erodes into endometrium Cellular trophoblast - carries nutrients to inner cell mass

Lacunae and primary villi formed by trophoblast All of these form placental tissues
Fig 28-3
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Second Week

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Chorion Formation
Between squamous epithelium in blastocyst cavity and cytotrophoblast arise mesenchym cell called extraembryonic mesoderm In the extraembryonic mesoderm form spaces called extraembryonic coelom

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 This coelom splits the extra embryonic mesoderm into two layers
Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

The cavity of the chorion sac is formed by the extraembryonic coelom The trophoblast and the extra embryonic somatic mesoderm together form chorione

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The third week

Major changes occur as the bilaminar embryonic disc is converted into a trilaminar embryo composed of three primary germ layer In the third week usually the first sign that a woman may be pregnant Laboratory pregnant test depend on the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), a hormone produced by trophoblast and excreted in the mothers urine

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The third week cont

Primitive streak formation Notochord Formation Neural Tube Formation Somite Formation Coelom Formation Blood and Blood Vessel Formation Villi Formation

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 The primitive streak (stria primitiva) and intraembryonic mesoderm

The primitive streak appears at about 15 days as a midline thickening of the embryonic ectoderm At the primitive streak give rise to mesenchymal cells which migrate laterally and cranially between the ectoderm and endoderm layers and organize into the third primary germ layer called intra embryonic mesoderm

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 Mesoderm exists between the ectoderm and the endoderm everywhere except at the oropharyngeal membrane and at the cloacal membrane At the primitive knot give rise to the notochordal process to form the notochordal process The primitive pit extents into the notochordal process to form the notochordal canal

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Notochord Formation
Opening develops in the floor at the notochord canal which soon coalesce, leaving the notochord plate. The notochord plate in folds to form the notochord

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Neural Tube Formation

The neural plate appears as a midline thickening at the embryonic ectoderm, cranial to the primitive knot and dorsal to the notochord process A longitudinal neural grove develops which is flanked by neural folds, these folds meet and fusion to form the neural tube

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Somite Formation
The mesoderm on each side at the notochord thickens to form longitudinal bundle (colum) of paraxial mesoderm Division of paraxial mesoderm into pairs at somites begin cranially by the end at the third week

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Coelom Formation
The entry embryonic coelom arises as isolated spaces in the lateral plate mesoderm and cardiogenic area The coelomic space subsequently coalesce to form a single horseshoe-shaped cavity, which eventually give rise to the body cavities

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Blood And Blood Vessel

Angiogenesis = blood vessel formation Haemopoesis = blood cell formation
1. Mesenchymal cells aggregate to form isolated masses and cords known as blood islands called angioblast 2. Spaces appear within these islands 3. Angioblast arrange themselves around the cavity to form the primitive endotheliumFormation

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4. Isolated vessels fuse to form networks at endothelial channel 5. Vessels extend into adjacent areas by endothelial budding 6. Mesenchymal cells surrounding the primitive endothelial vessel differentiate into muscular and connective tissue 7. The primitive heart is formed in the cardiogenic area

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8. Primitive plasma and blood cell develop from the endothelial cell as the vessels develop on the yolk sac and allantois. In embryo first blood formation occurs in the liver, late in the spleen, bones marrow and lymph nodes 9. The cardiovascular system is the first organ system to a functional state (the end of the third week)

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Villi Formation
The primary villi form on the outer surface at the chorionic sac from cytotrophoblast cell proliferate By day 15 the primary villi have begun to branch and develop central cone at mesenchyme: its are called secondary villi Capillaries develop in the villi transforming them into tertiary villi

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Intervillous Space
Lacunas enlarge and lying between tertiery villis, called intervillous space (spatium intervillosum)

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The Fourth To Seventh Weeks

The beginning of all major external and internal structures during this period This critical period at development, if teratogen exposure this period will cause major congenital malformation The three primary germ layers will be differentiated into various tissues and organs The end at this period the main organ system have been established
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Folding At The Embryo

Longitudinal and transverse folding converts the flat trilaminar embryo disc into a C shaped cylindrical embryo The formation at head, tail and lateral folds is a continue sequence of events and result in a constriction between the embryo and the yolk sac The dorsal part at yolk sac is incorporated into the embryo as the primitive gut

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 The head fold result in the heart coming to lie ventrally and brain becoming the most cranial part at the embryo The tail fold causes the connecting stalk and allantois to move to the ventral surface of the embryo The external appearance of the embryo is greatly affected by the formation at the brain, heart, liver, somites, limbs, ears, nose and eyes

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First & second weeks development

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 Reasonable estimates of the age of embryo can be determine from

1. The day of onset of the last normal menstrual period 2. The estimated time of fertilization 3. Measurements of length (crown-rump (CR)) 4. External characteristics

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CR AGE LENGT FOOT FETAL (WE H LENGTH WEIGH EKS) (MM)* (MM)* T (G) 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 36 38 50 61 87 120 140 160 190 210 230 250 270 280 300 340 360 7 9 14 20 27 33 39 45 50 55 59 63 68 79 8 14 45 110 200 3 20 46 0 630 820 1000 1300 1700 2100 2900 3400

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Fetus development: Maturation of the tissues, organs and increase of size so that its optimize function

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MAIN EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS Eyelids closing or closed (9) Early fingernail development. (10) Sex distinguishable externally. (12) Head erect (14) External ears stand out from head (16) Vernix caseosa covers skin (18) Head and body hair (lanugo) visible (20) Skin wrinkled, translucent, and pink to red (22). Fingernails present. Lean body (24) Eyelids partially open (26) Eyes wide open. Good head of hair often present (28) Toenails present (30). Fingernails reach fingertips (32) Body usually plump (36). Prominent chest; breasts protrude. Testes in scrotum (38)
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Literature
Moore K.L.,Persaud T.V.N. The Developing Human edisi ke-7. Saunder. USA 2003. 16-42 Carlson B.M.Pattens Foundations of Embryology edisi ke-6.McGraw-Hill.New York.1996.121-143

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