PRESENTED BY:SAKSHI PUROHIT

INTRODUCTION
Carbohydrate-:carbohydrate are the most abounded

carbon organic molecule in nature the name of carbon literally means hydrates of carbon some of the carbohydrate purges the empirical formula cm(H2O)n where m could be different form, for ex.dioxyribose a sugar component of DNA has the empirical formula c5h10o4 .

FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
They are the most dieter source of energy for all organisms

. Carbohydrate are the pricarsak for many hydrogen compound (Fat, amino acid e.g.) Carbohydrate perform numerous roles in living organisms. Polysaccharides serve for the storage of energy They are structural compound of many cells this include the fiber(cellulose)of plant,ebsocrater in some insects and cell wall of microorganisms. Carbohydrate also serve is the storage form of energy (glycogen)to mean energy demand of the body.

STRUTURE OF CARBOHYDRATE

CIASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATE
1.MONOSACCHARIDE-:Monosaccharide's are classified according to three different characteristics the placement of its a carbonyl group.The number of carbon it contains and its chiral handedness.

PROPERTIES OF MONOSACCHARIDE
1.Epimerse-:If two monosaccharide differ form each

other in their configuration around a single specific carbon atom they are referred to as epimerize to each other. For ex.glucose,lactose are epimerse with regard to carbon four -

.Stereoisomer
2s-:This are important characters of monosaccharide .Steriosaccharides are the compound. That have the same structural formula but different in their special configuration.

ENATIOMERS-:Enatiomers are two special type of steriomers that are mirror image of each other ,the two members are designated as D&L sugars. Morality of sugar in the higher in animals are D type.

5.MUTAROTATION -:Mutarotation is the change of the optical rotation

that occurs by epimerization that is the change in the equilibrium between two epimers when the corresponding sterocenters interconvert .

DISACCHARIDES
Disaccharides consist of two

monosaccharide's units held together by glycositic bond .They are cristaline,water soluble and sweet to taste the disaccharide are to two types -: Reducing-:Reducing disaccharides contain free aldehyde are Keaton group.ex.maltose and lactose.

 2.NON-REDUCING-:Non-reducing

disaccharide ideas with no free aldehyde or keto group eg-surose. Maltose is composed of two -glucose unit held together by (14)glcositic bond. The free aldehyde group present on c1 of 2nd glucose unit for producing reducing reaction.

OLIGOSACCHARIDE
1.SUCROSE-:Sucrose is a sugar of commerce .Sugar

present in sugarcane and sugar bit sucrose is a sugar the organic compound commonly known as a table sugarcane sugar beet sugar or usually just sugar.Surose was coined in 1857 by ENGLISH chemist William miller.

 LACTOSE-:lactose is disaccharide sugar derived form galactose that is found in milk lactose makes up around 2-8% of milk (by weight) STARCH -:Starch of amylum is carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosides bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by green plants, as an energy store.

POLYSACCHARIDES
1.polysaccharide-:polysaccharide are

classified as homo-poly saccharides and hetro polysaccharides. The physiological important homo polysaccharide are cellulose ,glucose,glycogen,starch ,dextrin's and insulin .

 2.Glycogen-:Glycogen is the carbohydrate

reserve in animal. It is also called animal starch it is present in high concentration in liver follow by brain e.t.c.Glycogen is also found in plant that do not passage in chlorophyl.ex.Funzie,yeast.

 3.CELLOBIOSE-:Cellobiose is another

disaccharide identical in structure with maltose except it contain (1H)glcosidic linkage cellobiose formed during the hydrolysis of cellulose.

DEXTRINS
1.DEXTRINS-:Dextrin are the break down product of starch by the enzyme amylase starch is subsequently hydrolyze two different dextrin's and finally it convert into two single unit of glucose. The various intermideant also produce such as amylo dextrin,Iritho dextrin achro dextrins.It contain ( 1-4)and (1-6)glcosidic bond.

HETROPOLYSACCHARIDE
When the polysaccharides are compound

in the different parts of sugar they are referred to as homopolysaccharide or hetroglycans. 2.Mucopolysaccharide -:Mucopolysaccharide hetroglycans made up of repeating units of sugar and urenic acids they are commonly known as glucosamine glycens.