UNIT V

DATA BASE IN COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING

INTRODUCTION
Data base technology and management play a critical role in computer integrated manufacturing. Databases involve two groups of people i) Creators ii) Users Data refers to the values stored in the data base Database can be generated manually but in CIM they are computerized.

 Data base system is a description of storing and retrieving data and information entails. In case of database systems there are four interacting elements with a specific purpose. a) Data b) Hardware c) Software d) Users. The software handles user requests for accessing database. Database is a collection of related files consisting of records that contain data

 Data are known facts that have implicit meaning and are worthy of storing. A database is designed , built, and populated with relevant data. It is logically coherent collection of data merely a random assortment of data does not constitute a database. CIM database contain design data, employee data, customer data, NC programs, BOMs, and more.

DEFINITION
According to Martin A database may be defined as a collection of inter related data stored together without harmful or unnecessary redundancy to serve one or more applications in an optimal fashion; the data are stored so that they are independent of programs which use the data; a common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data within the database.

LAYMAN DEFINITION
It is nothing more than a computer based record keeping system : that is a system whose overall purpose is to record and maintain information. The Information concerned can be anything that is deemed to be of significance to the organization the system is serving .

 There are following seven reasons why companies need databases

1) Redundancy can be reduced. 2) Inconsistency can be avoided.

3) The data can be shared.

4) Standards can be enforced. 5) Security restrictions can be applied. 6) Integrity can be maintained.

MANUFACTURING DATA
Any information that a manufacturing company requires can in general be referred to as manufacturing data. Manufacturing data may be static or dynamic. Design data is established products are static: that is they do not change with time. Product data is usually static , while production data are dynamic , meaning they do change with time.

 Manufacturing data can broadly be divided into two groups : Relatively permanent or temporary in nature. Another Classification depends on whether the data is already in the format appropriate for computer systems. CIM Data can be grouped into four classes a) Product Data b) Production Data c) Operational Data d) Resource Data

Sources Of Manufacturing Data

The various sources of manufacturing data can broadly divided into two groups viz; Internal and External. Internal sources are company personnel, for both formal and informal data. External data especially that not in the public domain generally costs money.

DATA BASE TECHNOLOGY

A Data Item is the smallest unit of data with a name A group of data items is called Data Aggregate. A Record is a collection of data items or aggregate. A Segment consists of several data items and is the basic quantum of data handled by application programs under the control or data base management software. Finally a Database is the collection of multiple record types containing relationships among records, data items and data aggregates.

DATABASE REQUIREMENTS
A Database is the repository of information for managing the various functions of a company. It should permit both retrieval and modification of data. Proper design is critical to the usefulness of databases, since it affects how easily users can retrieve and use stored information

DATA BASE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Database design involves following Accessibility Administration Cost Independency Integrity Interfacing Migration Performance Redundancy

9) Reliability 10) Response time 11) Search Flexibility 12) Security 13) Share ability 14) Tunability 15) Versatility

TYPES OF DATABASE
There are three types of data models 1) Hierarchical 2) Network 3) Relational or flat file

NETWORK MODEL
In this model there is a upper level called ROOT with one node. The lower level can have several nodes. Each node is linked to a higher node called the PARENT and several lower level nodes called CHILDREN. Some Nodes may be connected to each other called as LEAVES. It follows a tree type structure.

Example of a network model.

Dept A Dept B

Dept C

Emp 1

Emp 2

Emp3

Emp 4

Emp 5

Proj 1

Proj2

Proj 3

HIERARCHICAL MODEL
This Model is similar to network model except that each child can have only one parent A hierarchical database with a pointer as the guiding tool is the most common type. The major problem with hierarchical database is the difficulty in changing data. It may require changes in several paths as well as in programs that use the database.

Example of a Hierarchical model

Dept A Dept B Dept C

Emp !

Proj 1

Emp 5

Proj3 Emp 4

Emp 2

Proj 4

RELATIONAL MODEL
The Relational model uses entity attribute relationships. For Example if a machine part is an entity. While its specifications are known as attributes. The flat file format presents information in terms of fact about things.

Example of Relational Model

Employee Table
Empl No
578 455 321 671 141

Department Table
Dept Name Location
NY LA SF

Empl Name
Jones Smith Weber Brown Crosby

Dept No
Dept B Dept A Dept A Dept C Dept B

Proj No
P5 P4 P3 P3 P1

Dept No

Dept A Finance Dept B Engg Dept C Sales

 The advantages of relational data base are 1) Simplifies database Design 2) Easy for end user to understand 3) Better end user DP Communication

 The Relational structure is relatively easy to design and modify This Structures stores data in files containing records. Records may be manipulated using common field. Files are linked through fields of records.

 The Hierarchical structure has a fixed connection between the files. This Structure also contains records in individual files but the relationship between records is not through the common field . It is rather through a fixed relationship established by the database administrator The network structure is an extension of the hierarchical structure. It can relate a file or record with any other file or record in many to many rather than one to many fashion.

Summary
The Collection of data and handling of data is known as database management system The database model are classified into a) network model b) Hierarchical model c) Relational database model Handling database using file structure ie; relational database is the easier of all database.

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