SOFTWARE

Software
 All the Computer programs
written in any programming
languages are collectively known
as a Software
 Software is an essential

requirement of the Computer

system
 Programs

 A program is a set of instructions

that performs a task
 Application Software
 System Software

Software is Classified in
to..
 Application Software

 It is the term used to describe

software programs that
performs some specified task
for the user.

Eg : MS word,
….

Excel,
Wordstar,
System Software

 It is a collection of programs
designed to operate, control
and extend the processing
capabilities of the computer
 System Software
 Language Translator
 Utility Programs
 Operating Systems
 Language Translators
 A software that converts the
source codes into machine codes
 There are three types

 Interpreter, Compiler &

Assembler
 Compiler
 A Compiler is a program whose
function is to translate the high
level program in to the machine
level program (fully)
 Interpreter
 It is a program whose function is
to translate the high level
program into the machine level
program (line by line)
 Assembler
 An assembler is a program
whose function is to translate the
assembly level program into the
machine level program
 Utility Program
 These are the programs written
by the Vendors for a specific
function
 Most of the utilities performs Low

level Operations
 E.g.: Amidiag, Fdisk, PQMagic

etc…
Operating
Systems
 What is an operating system?
 It is an interface between the user
and the Computer
 It is a collection of system programs
that together control the operation of
a computer system
 It is a Resource manager
 Also an interface between an
Application and a Hardware
Traditionally the operating

system consists of mainly two

parts
 Kernel
 Shell
 Kernel
 The most fundamental part of an
operating system
 The low level core being loaded
after the boot process
 Has many functions such as
control of the data flow between
memory and I/O units
 Kernel stays resident in memory at
all times
 Is the core of the OS. This is the
interface between the Shell and
Hardware
 Shell
 The user interface
 Every OS has a program that

accepts inputs from users and

reformulate them in a
manner that the Kernel can
understand
 Basic Architecture of OS:-
 File System

 They are standard formats

for storing the files on a
storage media
 E.g.: FAT, FAT32, NTFS,

etc…
 Examples for OS
 Windows 95, Windows 98,
Windows ME,2000,XP.
 Mac OS
 Novell NetWare, Windows NT
 Windows 2000 Professional/
Server
 Linux, Sun Solaris,
 DOS
 Disk Operating System
 It uses CLI(Character Language
Interface)
 CP/M OS in 1973 by Gary Kildall
 In the 1980’s or early 90’s, the
OS that shipped with most PC’s
was some version of DOS
created by Microsoft
 DOS Kernel
 The DOS Kernel is composed of
two files
 They are IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS
 DOS Shell
 COMMAND.COM is known as the DOS
shell
 It provides the CLI that the DOS user
sees
 COMMAND.COM also serves the
purpose of providing some built in
commands known as Resident
Commands
 Booting

 The loading of OS from

secondary storage devices
to the main memory
 The Booting Order
 IO.SYS
 MSDOS.SYS

 CONFIG.SYS

 COMMAND.COM

 AUTOEXEC.BAT
 Command
 It is the instruction given by the
user to the Computer for
performing a particular task
 Two types of Commands

 Internal & External

 Internal Commands
 It is the command which are resident
in the COMMAND.COM
 Examples
 DIR, COPY, CLS, DATE, TIME, COPY
CON, TYPE, VER, VOL, REN, DEL, MD,
CD, etc…..
 External Commands
 Commands which are Transient
to COMMAND.COM
 Examples

 FORMAT, FDISK, DOSKEY, XCOPY,

DISKCOPY, UNDELETE, ATTRIB,

SCANDISK, TREE, etc….