Incompresible Flow over Airfoils

Ranggi Sahmura

Revan Difitro

Incompressible flow over airfoils Singularity distribution over airfoil surface Fundamentals of airfoil (characteristics, the vortex sheet, Kutta condition and Kelvinss therem of starting vortex Singularity distribution over camber line or chord line

Road Map

Big Goal: Create method to lift and moment at airfoil to develop further design of complete wing

Definition

Nomenclature
NACA WXYZ W X YZ = = = (Nilai Maks Camber/100) x Panjang Chord (Titik Maks Camber/10) x Panjang Chord (Ketebalan Maks/100) x Panjang Chord

Nomenclature
V WX YZ = = =

NACA VWXYZ [1.5(Koefisien Lift)/10] (Nilai Maks Camber/200) x Panjang Chord (Ketebalan Maks/100) x Panjang Chord NACA UV-XYZ

U V X YZ

= = = =

Nomor Seri (Tekanan Min/10) x Panjang Chord Koefisien Lift/10 (Ketebalan Maks/100) x Panjang Chord

Characteristics

Angle of Attack Vs Lift Coefficient

Angle of Attack Vs Drag Coefficient

Vortex Sheet Theorem

This wont be achieved in nature

Kutta Condition

= 0

Circulation

Kelvins Circulation Theorem

Kelvins Theorem of Circulation

The vortex sheet at instant of times becomes vortex sheet of all times

Starting Vortex

Starting vortex explain how the Kutta condition achieved in nature

Singularity distribution over camber line or chord line Classical thin airfoil theory

Classical Thin Airfoil Theory

Symmetric Airfoil

Cambered Airfoil

Camber line Chord line

1. Find that satisfies 2 condition

Body surface acts as streamline of the flow, Vn = 0

Grand Step

Kutta condition satisfied (TE = 0) 2. from , we get 3. from , by Kutta-Jokowski theorem, we get L

The Symmetric Airfoil

- For thin airfoil, vortex sheet over airfoil surface will look almost the same as vortex sheet on camber line - Since airfoil is thin, camber line will be closed to chord line vortex will fall approximately over chord line

The Symmetric Airfoil

= (x); to satisfy Kutta condition, (c) = 0 - In order to achieve this, camber line has to be streamline of the flow - If camber line is streamline, velocity normal to camber line has to be zero , + = 0 [4.12]

The Symmetric Airfoil

, = sin +
1

[4.13]

For small angle, sin = tan = , = [4.14]

- Since camber line close to chord line, w(s) = w(x) [4.15]

The Symmetric Airfoil

- Elemental vortex strength , locate at distance , = ( ) - Velocity dw induced by elemental vortex at

()

using = 2

= 2() =
() 0 2()

[4.16]

[4.17]

- Recall [4.12]
or

=0 2

The Symmetric Airfoil

1 2

[4.18]

Since airfoil is thin, taken to be no cambered, dz/dx = 0 1 2

[4.19]

Transportation equation
= = (1 ) 2 (1 ) 2 d = 2

1 2

= 0 (1 + )

[4.23]

= 2

[4.24]

The Symmetric Airfoil

Calculation of lift

=
0

[4.28]

Using transportation equation = 2

[4.29]

Using equation [4.24]

1 + =

[4.30]

Lift
2 = =

Lift Coefficient
2 = = 1 2 2

The Symmetric Airfoil

= 2

= 2

lift coefficient is linearly proportional to angle of attack

Momentum coefficient

The Symmetric Airfoil

Using transforming equation and some mathematical relation, obtain

, =

4
4

And since ,/4 = , + ,/4 = 0

center of moment and aerodynamic center is at quarter-length of chord

Lift coefficient 1 = 2 +
0

0 1 0

The Cambered Airfoil

Equation for determining angle of attack that produce zero lift (L=0) lift coefficient is linearly proportional to angle of attack Momentum coefficient

,/4 =

( 1 ) 4 2

quarter-length of chord is aerodynamic centre but not centre of pressure = 4 [1 + (1 2 )

Limitation of the classic theory

Thin airfoil theory Only of thin airfoil ( <12% ) Small angle of attack

Area of interest Low speed plane wings using airfoil those are thicker than 12% High angle of attack for take off and landing Generation of lift over other body shape

Singularity distribution over airfoil surface Vortex Panel Numerical Method

Vortex Panel Numerical Method

- Determining using numerical method, using equation below

=1

= 0 2 ,

Vortex Panel Numerical Method

= 1

=
=1

=
=1

Classic

Shape Aerodynamic Characteristics

Modern Characteristics wanted Shape

Classic Modern Ways of