PAPER BATTERY

BATTERY
The Batteries form a significant part of many electronic devices. Typical electrochemical batteries or cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

Electrons flow from the negative terminal towards the positive terminal.

CLASSIFICATION OF BATTERIES
Based on the rechargeable nature batteries are classified as
o Non rechargeable or primary cells o Rechargeable or secondary cells

Based on the size they are classified as

o Miniature batteries o Industrial batteries

Based on nature of electrolyte

o Dry cell o Wet cell

PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION OF CELL

Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the anode or negative electrode. The other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the cathode or positive electrode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. This migration causes a current to generate in the cell

LIFE OF BATTERY AND HAZARDS

Even if never taken out of the original package, disposable (or "primary") batteries can lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge every year at a temperature of about 2030C. Rechargeable batteries self-discharge more rapidly than disposable alkaline batteries. Hazards related to batteries
o o o o Explosion Corrosion Environmental pollution Ingestion

PAPER BATTERY
In the past few years a lot of inventions have been made in this particular field. The tiny nuclear batteries that can provide energy for 10 years, but they use radioactive elements and are quite expensive. Few years back some researchers from Stanford University started experiments concerning the ways in which a copier paper could be used as a battery source. After a long way of struggle they, recently, concluded that the idea was right. The batteries made from a plain copier paper could make for the future energy storage that is truly thin.

PAPER BATTERY (cotd.)

A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor.

PAPER BATTERY (cotd.)

The anatomy of paper battery is based on the use of Carbon Nanotubes tiny cylinders to collect electric charge. The paper is dipped in lithium containing solution. The nanotubes will act as electrodes allowing storage device to conduct electricity.

WHY PAPER BATTERY?

One of the many reasons behind choosing the paper as a medium for battery is the well-designed structure of millions of interconnected fibers in it. These fibers can hold on carbon nanotubes easily. Also a paper has the capability to bent or curl. You can fold it in different shapes and forms plus it is as light as a feather. Output voltage is modest but it could be increased if we use a stack of papers. Hence the voltage issues can be easily controlled without difficulty. Usage of paper as a battery will ultimately lead to weight diminution of batteries many times as compared to traditional batteries.

CARBON NANOTUBES
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than any other material. Their name is derived from their size, since the diameter of a nanotube is on the order of a few nanometers (approximately 1/50,000th of the width of a human hair), while they can be up to 18 centimeters in length (as of 2010). Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an electric current density of 4 109 A/cm2 which is more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as copper.

CNTs IN PAPER BATTERY

In paper batteries the nanotubes act as electrodes, allowing the storage devices to conduct electricity. The battery, which functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super capacitor, can provide a long, steady power output comparable to a conventional battery, as well as a super capacitors quick burst of high energy. While a conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.

FABRICATION OF PAPER BATTERY

The materials required for the preparation of paper battery are
o Copier paper o Carbon Nano ink o Oven

The steps involved in the preparation of the paper battery are as follows-

 Step 1: The copier paper is taken.

 Step 2: Carbon Nano ink which is black in color is taken. Carbon Nano ink is a solution of Nano rods, surface adhesive agent and ionic salt solutions. Carbon Nano ink is spread on one side of the paper.

 Step 3: The paper is kept inside the oven at 150C temperature. This evaporates the water content on the paper. The paper and the Nano rods get attached to each other.

 Step 4: place the multi meter on the sides of the paper and we can see voltage drop is generated.

WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY

The battery produces electricity in the same way as the conventional lithium-ion batteries that power so many of today's gadgets, but all the components have been incorporated into a lightweight, flexible sheet of paper. The paper is made conducting material by dipping in ink. The paper works as a conductive layer. The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes. The carbon is what gives the batteries their black color. These tiny filaments act like the electrodes found in a traditional battery, conducting electricity when the paper comes into contact with an ionic liquid solution.

WORKING (cotd.)
Ionic liquids contain no water, which means that there is nothing to freeze or evaporate in extreme environmental conditions. As a result, paper batteries can function between -75 and 1500 C. Two sheets of paper kept facing inward act like parallel plates (high energy electrodes). It can store energy like a super capacitor and it can discharge bursts of energy because of large surface area of Nano tubes.

ADVANTAGES
The flexible shape allows the paper battery to be used in small or irregularly-shaped electronics. The paper battery may replace conventional batteries completely. The paper battery can be molded to take the shape of large objects, like a car door. Eco-friendly and non-polluting.

LIMITATIONS
Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to make it commercially viable. Carbon nanotubes are very expensive, and batteries with large enough power are unlikely to be cost effective. Cutting of trees leading to destroying of the nature.

APPLICATIONS
Pace makers in heart.

Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets.

Powered smart cards RF id tags

Smart toys, children sound books

E-cards, greetings, talking posters Girls / Boys apparel

FUTURE USE
Paper battery can be used to power cars or motorbikes. It can be used as a source for all the primary devices that are used in day-to-day life. All medical appliances can be run through paper battery since it is environment-friendly.

CONCLUSION
The life of a battery is an important parameter which decides the area of application of the battery. Increased use of batteries gives rise to E-waste which poses great damage to our environment. In the year 2007 paper battery was manufactured. The technology is capable of replacing old bulky batteries. The paper batteries can further reduce the weight of the electronic gadgets. The adaptations to the paper battery technique in the future could allow for simply painting the nanotube ink and active materials onto surfaces such as walls. These surfaces can produce energy.

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