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Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods PE 571


Chapter 1 - Electrical Submersible Pump
Centrifugal Pump Theory Inviscid Fluids Single Phase

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Principles of an Centrifugal Pump
ESPs are multi stage centrifugal pumps. The two main components of a centrifugal pump are the impeller and the diffuser. The Impeller takes the power from the rotating shaft and accelerates the fluid. The diffuser transforms the high fluid velocity (kinetic energy) into pressure.

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Geometry of an Centrifugal Pump
The main components of an ESP including:
Impeller

Impellers
Diffusers Thrust washers

Casing
Shaft Bushing

Washer Diffuser

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Geometry of an Centrifugal Pump

Impeller

Impeller

Diffuser Diffuser

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


True Velocity Profile of Fluid Inside an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Assumptions
Assumptions: 1. Two dimensions: radial and tangential direction. 2. The impeller passages are completely filled with the flowing fluid at all time (no void spaces) 3. The streamlines have a shape similar to the blades shape 4. Incompressible, inviscid, and single phase fluid 5. The velocity profile is sysmetric.

The head calculated based on these assumptions is known as the


theoretical head

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Velocities at the intake and outlet of an impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Velocities at the intake and outlet of an impeller

Exit Velocity Triangle

Entrance Velocity Triangle


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Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Velocity at One Point on the Impellers Blade

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Velocity at One Point on the Impellers Blade

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Velocity at One Point on the Impellers Blade

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Triangle Fluid Velocity

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Conclusion on Triangle Fluid Velocity
Known 3 operational parameters: 1. Angle, b: knowing pump blade geometry 2. Tangential velocity, U: knowing the rotational speed 3. Radial velocity, vr: knowing the flow rate.

Therefore, the velocity triangle is completely determined.

What we need now is to find the pressure increment developed by one impeller

as a function of those 3 operational parameters and the fourth one, namely the
fluid density

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Based on a Free Body Diagram

R + dr

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Based on a Free Body Diagram

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Based on a Free Body Diagram

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Based on a Free Body Diagram

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Based on a Free Body Diagram

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Mass Balance
Mass balance equation under steady state conditions in cylindrical coordinate:

Note that the fluid at the outlet of the impeller has two components: vr and vq. However, the change of vq respect to q is zero.

Hence:

constant

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Mass Balance
The flow rate entering the pump intake is given (ri = r): or Rotational speed is related to the tangential velocity U by:

Hence, we know three parameters:

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Mass Balance

Three parameters:

Combining with the triangle velocity gives:

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Momentum Equation
For S.S; incompressible and single phase fluid; the momentum equations in the cylindrical coordinates are given:

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Total Pressure Losses Along the Streamline
If the fluid is inviscid; No change of velocity in z and q (symmetric velocity) direction; Neglect the pressure drop due to gravity:

Total derivative of pressure respect to the radius:

Therefore:

Streamline Trajectory

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Streamline Geometric Relationship

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Total Pressure Losses Along the Streamline
Therefore, the total pressure losses along the streamline can be express as:

From the triangle geometric relationship:

Hence:

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Total Pressure Losses Along the Streamline
Simplifying this equation gives

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Total Pressure Losses Along the Streamline
Finally, the pressure difference across a streamline is given:

Integrate this equation gives the pressure increase across one stage:

By definition:

Hence:

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Total Pressure Losses Along the Streamline
Using the geometrical relationships:

This equation can be expressed as the Euler Equation:

Field unit:

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Total Pressure Losses Along the Streamline

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Pump Head Definition
Definition for the pump head:

Head is an indirect measurement of pressure that does not depend on the fluid density. That means for low viscous fluids, the pump performance can b uniquely defined in terms of head. In other words, the pump performance, in pressure, depends on the density of

the fluid being pumped, but when this performance is expressed in head, the
pump performance is independent of the fluid being pumped

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Pump Head Definition

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Head Losses
Due to the Leakage and recirculation of fluid inside the impleller. Hydraulic losses including:

Diffusion loss due to divergence, or convergence


Fluid shock loss at the inlet Mixing and eddying loss at the impeller discharge

Turning loss due to turning of the absolute velocity vector


Separation losses Friction losses Mechanical losses

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Leakage and Recirculation Losses

Recirculation

Leakage
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Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Leakage and Recirculation Losses

Theoretical diagram

Diagram with recirculation

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Leakage and Recirculation Losses

Theoretical head (Euler head) Head, H

Leakage/Recirculation losses

Flow rate, Q

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Hydraulic Losses
Pumps are designed trying to achieve a no pre-rotation condition close to the best efficiency point, since this condition minimize shock-losses. In other words, shock losses increase as we move away from the BEP.

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Hydraulic Losses
Other losses including friction, mixing, change in direction of fluid, separation, etc. also contribute significantly to the total losses due to hydraulic.

Theoretical head (Euler head) Head, H

Hydraulic losses

Flow rate, Q

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Friction Losses
Friction losses increases with increasing flowrate and viscosity.

Theoretical head (Euler head) Head, H

Friction losses

Flow rate, Q

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Mechanical Losses
These losses include disk friction and frictional losses in bearings. The most significant loss is the thrust bearing loss. The mechanical losses do not have any effect on head and capacity of a pump but increase the brake hoursepower.

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Total Losses

Theoretical head (Euler head) Hydraulic losses

Head, H

Friction losses Actual Head Leakage/Recirculation losses

Flow rate, Q

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Horsepower
The hydraulic horsepower is the energy transmitted to the fluids by the pump.

The break horsepower is the energy required by the pump shaft to turn. Some of
this energy is dissipated inside the pump. The ratio between the hydraulic horsepower and the break horsepower is the pump hydraulic efficiency.

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Pump Performance
In practice, a pump is tested by running it at a constant speed and varying the flow by controlling the choke. During the test, Q, DP, and the break horsepower

are measure at several points. The DP is then converted to head and the overal
efficiency of the pump is calculated. Based on these data, we can develop the pump performance. The performance curve of a centrifugal pump can be summarized in only one curve of head vs. flowrate for all low viscous fluids.

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Pump Performance

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Pump Performance
Manufacturers also provide polynomial equations to describe the catalog pump performance curves.

Electrical Submersible Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller


Pump Performance
Do the calculation for these correlations:

Electrical Submersible Pump

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