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Biomedical Imaging Images by various imaging modalities Fundamental concepts on imaging Image analysis by MATLAB: analysis, noise removal and feature extraction
Signal Wavelength
f = v/
f = frequency of signal; v = speed of signal propagation; = signal wavelength Invasive Increasing invasiveness Non-invasive
Signal Wavelength
Imaging: Imaging is a method where a signal is sent to the object to be imaged and the response of the imaging object towards the signal is measured. Common biomedical imaging methods use radio waves (MRI), microwaves (microwave imaging), ultrasound signal (ultrasound imaging), infrared radiation (heat mapping), visible light spectrum (microscopy, transillumination , etc.), ultraviolet radiation (UV imaging), X-rays (X-Ray, CT), and gamma rays (PET, SPECT)
(a) Sagital, (b) coronal, and (c) transversal (cross-sectional) MR images of a patients head.
Ultrasound Imaging
Ultrasound in the frequency range of 1 20 M H z is used in diagnostic ultrasonography. A wave of ultrasound may get reflected, refracted, scattered, or absorbed as it propagates through a body. Most modes of diagnostic ultrasonography are based upon the reflection of ultrasound at tissue interfaces.
Body temperature as a 2D image f (x, y) or f (m, n). The image illustrates the distribution of surface temperature measured using an infrared camera operating in the 3, 000 5, 000 nm wavelength range. Image of a patient with a malignant mass in the upper-outer quadrant of the left breast.
Light Microscopy
The figure shows images of three-week-old scar tissue and forty-week-old healed tissue samples from rabbit ligaments at a magnification of about 300. The images demonstrate the alignment patterns of the nuclei of fibroblasts (stained to appear as the dark objects in the images).
(a) Three-week-old scar tissue sample, and (b) forty-week-old healed tissue sample from rabbit medial collateral ligaments.
X-Ray
X-Ray Imaging
Planar X-ray imaging or radiography: a 2D projection (shadow or silhouette) of a 3D body is produced on film by irradiating the body with Xray photons. Each ray of X-ray photons is attenuated by a factor depending upon the integral of the linear attenuation coefficient along the path of the ray, and produces a corresponding gray level (signal) at the point hit on the film or the detecting device used.
CT image of a patient showing the details in a cross-section through the head (brain).
Positron emission tomography (PET): Certain isotopes of carbon (11C), nitrogen (13N), oxygen (15O), and fluorine (18F ) emit positrons and are suitable for nuclear medicine imaging. PET is based upon the simultaneous detection of the two annihilation photons produced at 511 keV and emitted in opposite directions when a positron loses its kinetic energy and combines with an electron: coincidence detection.
Digitization of Images
The representation of natural scenes and objects as digital images for processing using computers requires two steps:
sampling, and quantization.
Both of these steps could potentially cause loss of quality and introduce artifacts.