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Distillation Column
Presented By:-
Sanjeev Kumar 040430
Biochemical Engineering
IV year
Kumaon Engg. College,Uttarakhand
Distillation
Distillation is a unit operation in which the constituents of a
liquid(mixture) solution are seperated using thermal energy.
Basically the difference in vapour pressures (volatilities) of
different contituents at the same temperature is responsible
for such a seperation.
In distillation, the phases involved are :
Liquid and vapour or gas and the mass is transferred from
both the phases to one another.
The basic requirement for separation of components by
distillation is that the composition of the vapour be different
from the composition of the liquid with which it is in
equilibrium.
When a solution containing two volatile substances is heated up, one of
them will be present in the vapour above the solution in greater
quantities than the other. This is the basis on which distillation is based.
Distillation operates on the fact that the vapour of a boiling mixture will
be richer in the components that have lower boiling points. Therefore,
when this vapour is cooled and condensed, the condensate will contain
more volatile components. At the same time, the original mixture will
contain more of the less volatile material. Distillation columns are
designed to achieve this separation efficiently.
APPLICATIONS
• Distillation is commonly encountered in CHEMICAL
&PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES as a means of
separating the liquid mixture into its component
parts.
• Examples of distillation:
• Seperation of ethanol & water mixture
• Production of absolute alcohol from 95%ethanol
using benzene
• Seperation of petroleun crude into gasoline, kerosene,
fuel oil, etc.
Reflux Consideration
• Reflux Ratio(R)
Ratio of flow return as reflux to flow of the top product
taken off.
• Total Reflux
condition when all condensate is return to the column.
• Minimum Reflux
ratio at which the infinite numbers of stages are required for the
desired separation.
• Optimum Reflux
reflux ratio between total and minimum reflux ratio, requiring a
finite number of plates.
METHODS OF DISTILLATION
Equilibrium
Condition at which the net transfer of material
ceases for a given set of operating conditions
•Relative Volatility
Define as the ratio of concentration ratio of A to B in vapour phase to that
in liquid phase.
or
αAB = (Vapour pressure of A / Vapour pressure of B)
• The q value
Is the ratio of energy required to convert 1 mole of feed to
saturated vapour to the molal latent heat of vaporization
PLATE COLUMNS
• Distillation with rectification makes use of either
plate(tray)column or packed towers, for intimate
phase contacting,the former being more common. In
plate columns, the process of mass transfer is
stagewise and in packed towers/columns the process
of mass transfer is continuous.
• Aplate column is a vertical column which consists of
a number of plates. In this column, liquid enters from
the top,flows over every plate and from plate to plate
ultimately comes down
Various plates used for phase
contacting are:
The most common gas disperser for cross-flow plates has been
the bubble-cap. This device has a built-in seal which prevents
liquid drainage at low gas flow rates. Gas flows through a
center riser, reverses the flow under the cap, passes downward
through the annulus between riser and cap and finally passes
into the liquid through a series of openings or “slots” in the
lower side of the cap.
A schematic representation of bubble-cap plate.
Basic requirements of a plate contacting stage are that it should:
X .019 .072 .096 .124 .166 .234 .327 .397 .508 .520 .573 .676 .747 .894
Y .17 038 .44 .47 .51 .54 .58 .61 .65 .66 .68 .74 .78 .89
T◦C 95.5 89.0 86.7 85.3 84.1 82.7 81.5 80.7 79.8 79.7 79.3 78.7 78.4 78.2
Assuming 2/3rd of the feed is liquid and reflux ratio is given
R = 2.9
q = 2/3 = 0.666
Now
• slope of rectifying section operating line(L/V) = 0.743
• intercept on y-axis by this line = 0.225
• intercept on y-axis by q line = 0.515