GENERATOR RELAY PANEL

Manasi Shukla Engineer-EMD

Generator Relay Panel

Purpose :- Protection against Electrical faults What Does it Protects? How Does It Protects?

What Does It Protects?

How does It Protects?

RELAYS

HOW?
Fault Involves Dramatic Change in value of Current/Voltage Relays Continuously Monitor Current/Voltage Operates/Picks-Up when Measured Quantity Rises/Falls above/below a specified value. THUS DETECTS FAULTS

WHY?
On Operation, Gives Trip command to Breaker so as to Isolate the Faulty region.

How does It Protects?

GENERATOR PROTECTIONS
Generator Differential Protection Generator & Transformer Differential Protection Loss of Field or Loss of Excitation Protection Negative Sequence or Current Unbalance Protection Over Fluxing or Over Excitation Protection Stator Earth Fault Protection Rotor Earth Fault Protection

GENERATOR PROTECTIONS
Restricted Earth Fault Protection Inter turn Fault Protection Low Forward Power Protection Reverse Power Protection Pole Slip Protection Local Breaker Back Protection Over Frequency Protection Under Frequency Protection Over Voltage Protection Dead Machine

List of Protection Elements

Differential Protection
Protect generator winding against internal faults such as phase-to-phase and three phase-to-ground faults. This type of fault is very serious because very large current can flow and produce large amounts of damage to the winding if it is allowed to persist.

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION: It is similar to generator differential protection in working. It protects the high voltage winding of power transformer against internal faults. LOCAL BREAKER BACKUP PROTECTION: Failure of the breaker to open results in loss of protection and other problems such as motoring action or single phasing. The LBB protection is energized when the breaker trip is initiated after a suitable time interval if confirmation of the breaker tripping from three poles is not received. The energized tripping signal from LBB protection will trip the HV CB.

LOW FORWARD POWER PROTECTION: The power generated is calculated based on the formulae

The generator will not develop output power when turbine input is less than the no load losses .If the power generated is less than the set value, the unit trips on the low forward protection REVERSE POWER PROTECTION: It is backup protection to the low forward protection. Failure of the prime mover of a generator set ,will keep the set running taking the necessary active power from the net work and could be detrimental to to the safety of the set, if maintained for any length of time. The motoring of the turbine output can be detected by reverse power protection. The avoid false tripping due to power swings a time delay is incorporated before tripping signal is generated.

Dead Machine: Unintentional Energization at standstill. To avoid accidental closing of GCB when the machine is at stanstill
Field Failure Protection against loss of excitation. Loss of field or loss of excitation results in loss of synchronism between rotor flux & stator flux. The synchronous machine operates as an induction machine at higher speed and draws reactive power from the grid. This will result in the flow of slip frequency currents in the rotor body as well as severe torque oscillations in the rotor shaft.

POLE SLIP PROTECTION: When a generator loses synchronism, the resulting high current peaks and off-frequency operation may cause winding stresses, pulsation torques and mechanical resonances that have the potential danger to turbine generator. BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION: As in name implies, it is used to protect the generator from supplying the over loaded or faulty system. It is backup protection of the generator over current protection. In measures ratio of the voltage and current supplied by the generator and initiates trip signal when the measured impedance is less than the preset value.

NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION : When the generator is supplying an unbalanced load to a system, a negative phase sequence current is imposed on the generator. The negative sequence current in the stator winding creates a magnetic flux wave in the air gap which rotates in opposite direction to that of rotor synchronous speed. OVERFLUXING Per unit voltage divided by per unit frequency commonly called Volts/Hertz is a measurable quantity that is proportional to flux in the generator or step-up transformer cores. Moderate over fluxing increases core loss resulting in increase of core temperatures due to hysterics & eddy currents loss.

STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION : Normally the generator stator neutral operates at a potential close to ground. If a faulty phase winding connected to ground, the normal low neutral voltage could rise as high as line-to-neutral voltage depending on the fault location. ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION Any rotor field winding of the generator is electrically isolated from the ground. Therefore the existence of one ground fault in the field winding will usually not damage the rotor. However the presence of two or more ground faults in the winding will cause magnetic and thermal imbalance plus localized heating and damage to the rotor metallic parts. The rotor earth fault may be caused due to insulation failure of winding or inter-turn fault followed by localized heat.

OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION: For a generator connected to a system, abnormal frequency operation is a result of a severe system disturbance. The unit trips on the over frequency protection, UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION: The machine operated at lower higher speeds under frequency on the machine may be due to improper speed control adjustment or disoperation of the speed controller. OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION : Generator voltage is at present value under normal operating conditions as selected by operator in AVR. If it parts from preset value, May be due to AVR malfunctioning or a system disturbance. Severe over voltage can cause over fluxing and winding insulation failure. The over voltage protection can be considered as a backup to the Volts-per-Hertz protection.

Thank You