Analysis and design of gravity dam in seismic zone V

Project by: Mr. Risso Johnny Mr. Kapu Takar Mr. Atan Ketan Mr. Manoj Thorat Mr. Shaikh Arshanaj.

Dam
Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable location across a river valley to store flowing water. Irrigation Water for domestic consumption Drought and flood control For navigational facilities Hydroelectric power generation Recreation Development of fish & wild life Soil conservation Need and Necessity:

History of Dams
First dam was constructed by the Egyptians in 2950-2750 B.C, using stone/ brick masonry. Earth dam was built first in Mesopotamia around 2000 B.C. Romans used concrete and mortars around 100 AD. Due to large size and amount of building material need to construct earth and gravity dams
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Grand Anicut (Kallanai)

The oldest dam in the world Built by Chola king Karikalan around the 2nd Century AD to divert the waters of the Kaveri across the fertile delta region for irrigation via canals. It is constructed from unhewn stone spanning the Kaveri and is 329 m (1,079 ft.) long, 20 m (66 ft.) wide and 5.4 m (18 ft.) high
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Structure of Dam
Crest
MWL Max. level NWL Normal water level

Spillway (inside dam)

Free board

Upstream

Down stream

Sluice way
Gallery

Heel

Toe

 Heel: contact with the ground on the upstream side

Toe: contact on the downstream side

Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of the dam rest Galleries: small rooms like structure left within the dam for checking operations. Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting water before the construction of dam. This helps in keeping the river bed dry. Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release the excess water of the reservoir to downstream side Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is used to clear the silt accumulation in the reservoir side.
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TYPES OF DAMS:
Gravity Dams:
Reservoir Force

These dams are heavy and massive wall-like structures of concrete in which the whole weight acts vertically downwards

As the entire load is transmitted on the small area of foundation, such dams are constructed where rocks are competent and stable
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Buttress Dam:
Buttress Dam Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure

This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation rocks are little weaker
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Arch Dams:
These type of dams are concrete or masonry dams which are curved or convex upstream in plan This shape helps to transmit the major part of the water load to the abutments Arch dams are built across

narrow, deep river gorges, but now in recent years they have been considered even for little wider valleys.

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Earth Dams:

They are trapezoidal in shape Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or rocks are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth. Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fill dam or Rock fill dam 11

Dam Building Project

Planning - Reconnaissance Study - Feasibility Study - Environmental Document Design - Preliminary (Conceptual) Design - Detailed Design - Construction Documents (plans & specifications) Construction Startup and testing Operation
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Necessary Data
Location and site map Hydrologic data Climatic data Geological data Water demand data Dam site data (foundation, material, tailwater)
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SELECTION OF SITES
PLACE MUST BE SUITABLE NARROW GORGE OR SMALL VALLEY WITH ENOUGH CATCHMENT AREA
WHY DO WE NEED A LARGE CATCHMENT AREA? TO STORE A CALCULATED VOLUME OF WATER

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 Large storage capacity Length of dam to constructed is less. Water-tightness of reservoir. Good hydrological conditions Deep reservoir Small submerged area Low silt inflow No objectionable minerals Low cost of real estate Site easily accessible
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INVESTTIGATIONS
Engineering surveys Geological investigations Hydrological investigations

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Engineering surveys
Conducted for dam, reservoir and other associated work. Topographic survey of the area is carried out and the contour plan is prepared The horizontal control is usually provided by triangulation survey, and the vertical control by precise levelling
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Geological investigation
Geological investigations of the dam and reservoir site are done for the following purposes. (i) Suitability of foundation for the dam. (ii) Water-tightness of the reservoir basin (iii) Location of the quarry sites for the construction materials.
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Hydrological investigations
The hydrological investigations are conducted for the following purposes : (i) To study the runoff pattern and storage capacity. (ii) To determine the maximum discharge at the site.

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Requirements for Stability

Modes of failure of a gravity dam: Overturning Sliding Compression or Crushing Tension. The design shall satisfy the following requirements of stability: The dam shall be safe against sliding on any plane or combination of planes within the dam, at the foundation or within the foundation; The dam shall be safe against overturning at any plane within the dam, at the base, or at any plane below the base; and The safe unit stresses in the concrete or masonry of the dam or in the foundation material shall not be exceeded

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Reservoir Sedimentation
It is a difficult problem for which an economical solution has not yet been discovered, except by providing a dead storage to accommodate the deposits during the life of the dam.

Disintegration, erosion, transportation, and sedimentation, are the different stages leading to silting of reservoir.
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Causes of sedimentation
Nature of soil in catchment area Topography of the catchment area Cultivation in catchment area Vegetation cover in catchment area Intensity of rainfall in catchment area
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Sediment Management
water with Maximum efforts should be released so that less sediments should retain in reservoir. Following options are:
Catchment Vegetation Construction of coffer dams/low height barriers Flushing and desilting of sediments Low level outlets / sediment sluicing
Wooden barriers

Sediment sluicing

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Spillways
Used to pass excess flow in a controlled fashion Two main types: Unregulated Regulated

Control section

Terminal structure

Discharge channel

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SPILLWAYS
Types of Spillways a. Overflow spillways b. Chute spillways c. Side-channel spillways d. Shaft spillways

e. Siphon spillways
f. Service & Emergency spillways
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Overflow spillway

side-channel spillway

Chute spillway

Morning glory spillway

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Energy Dissipiators
Hydraulic Jump type induce a hydraulic jump at the end of spillway to dissipate energy Bureau of Reclamation did extensive experimental studies to determine structure size and arrangements empirical charts and data as design basis

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Stilling basin

Hydraulic jump

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THANK YOU!!!

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