En-Microwave Remote Sensing

MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING
Technical Seminar Presentation-2004
Microwave Remote Sensing

(MRS)
Presented by
Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313
Under the guidance of

Mr. Rowdra Ghatak

[1]
What is microwave remote sensing?

•A special application of microwave communications

technologies for the purpose of collecting geophysical
information about targets (objects and media) without
making physical contact.
•Microwave reflections or emissions from earth
materials bear no direct relationship to their counterparts
in the visible portions of the spectrum.

[2]
How does it work?

•There is an interaction between the EM waves and

matter.
•The target imposes a modulation on the EM wave which

becomes its identifying characteristics.
•Sensors use microwave communications technologies.
•Active (radar) and passive (microwave radiometry)

measurements.

[3]
Active and Passive Microwave Sensors

•Passive: uses natural energy, either reflected sunlight or

emitted thermal or microwave radiation
•Active: sensor creates its own energy
•Transmitted toward Earth
•Interacts with atmosphere and/or surface
•Reflects back toward sensor (backscatter)

[4]
Microwave Radiometry
In the microwave region of the EM spectrum, the

power collected by a microwave antenna is:
P blackbody = k Tb * bandwidth
Microwave Brightness Temperature, Tb, of a

media is the product of the media emissivity and its physical
temperature.
For blackbodies, ε = 1.0
Tb = ε * T phys

[5]
Microwave Radiometer
Antenna Receiver
+ Square
Law LPF
detector
Trec
Resistor
noise
Tsys = Radiometer Output power
Tsys = T ant + T Rec KB*(receiver gain)
Where K=Boltzman’s constant
B=bandwidth
TRec = (1-NF)*290 K; NF=Receiver noise figure
Tant= scene brightness temp collected by antenna

[6]
Radiative Transfer Theory

The TB measured by spaceborne radiometer is the linear sum of

individual contributions from the atmosphere and surface

[7]
Defense Meteorological Support Program (DMSP)

[8]
Three Day Average of Some MRS Parameters

[9]
What is a Microwave Scatterometer?

•A special purpose radar sensor that measures scattering from

the earth’s surface i.e., a scatter-meter
•If the objects are having smaller wavelengths,then scattering

occurs

[10]
Satellite Microwave Scatterometer

P r = Pt * σ
Where σ = ocean
Scattering coeff. Or
Normalized radar
Cross-section

[11]
Scatterometer Applications
•Ocean Wind Vector (wind speed & direction)

• Hurricanes & Typhoons
• Sea Ice Imaging
• Land Imaging

[12]
Antarctic Sea Ice Imaging


[13]
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)

• Microwave remote sensing of rainfall

• TRMM Microwave (Radiometer) Imager
• Precipitation Radar

[14]
Greenland Ice Melt - 4 day intervals


[15]
Precipitation Radar - Hurricane Rainfall Image


[16]
Synthetic Aperture Radar

•Generally refers to the case of a moving radar and a

stationary target- usually an extended scene, such as the
surface of the Earth.
•ISAR refers to the case in which the radar is relatively

stationary and a rotating target provides all(or most) of the
motion to create the synthetic aperture.

[17]
Comparison Between RAR and SAR


[18]
Comparison Between RAR and SAR


[19]
SAR Modes

[20]
Side-Looking Radar System

[21]
SLR Operation

[22]
Conclusion
•microwave sensors provide valuable geophysical

measurements
• Remote sensing satellites provide global coverage each day
• Day/night all weather
• Atmosphere
• Water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation
• Sea Ice and land snow cover
• Ocean
• Surface winds, sea surface temperature

[23]
REFERENCES
[1] Lillesand Thomas M. and Ralph W. Kiefer,”Remote Sensing

and Image Interpretation”, fourth edition, chapter 8,pp. 616-692
[2] Sullivan Roger J., “Radar Foundations for Imaging and
Advanced Concepts”, Chapter 7, pp.191-194
[3] http://www.engr.ucf.edu/centers/cfrsl/
[4] http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/
[5] Ulaby, F.T., R.K.Moore, and A.K.Fung, Microwave Remote
Sensing: Active and Passive, Addison-Welsey, Reading, MA;
vol.1: Microwave Remote Sensing Fundamentals and
Radiometry, 1981;vol. II: Radar Remote Sensing and Surface
Scattering and Emission Theory, 1982;vol. III.

[24]
THANK YOU

[25]

En-Microwave Remote Sensing

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MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING

Technical Seminar Presentation-2004

Microwave Remote Sensing

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Under the guidance of

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

What is microwave remote sensing?

•A special application of microwave communications

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

How does it work?

•There is an interaction between the EM waves and

•The target imposes a modulation on the EM wave which

•Sensors use microwave communications technologies.

•Active (radar) and passive (microwave radiometry)

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Active and Passive Microwave Sensors

•Passive: uses natural energy, either reflected sunlight or

•Active: sensor creates its own energy

•Transmitted toward Earth

•Interacts with atmosphere and/or surface

•Reflects back toward sensor (backscatter)

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

In the microwave region of the EM spectrum, the

Microwave Brightness Temperature, Tb, of a

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Radiative Transfer Theory

The TB measured by spaceborne radiometer is the linear sum of

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Defense Meteorological Support Program (DMSP)

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Three Day Average of Some MRS Parameters

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

What is a Microwave Scatterometer?

•A special purpose radar sensor that measures scattering from

•If the objects are having smaller wavelengths,then scattering

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Satellite Microwave Scatterometer

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

•Ocean Wind Vector (wind speed & direction)

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Antarctic Sea Ice Imaging

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)

• Microwave remote sensing of rainfall

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Greenland Ice Melt - 4 day intervals

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Precipitation Radar - Hurricane Rainfall Image

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Synthetic Aperture Radar

•Generally refers to the case of a moving radar and a

•ISAR refers to the case in which the radar is relatively

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Comparison Between RAR and SAR

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Comparison Between RAR and SAR

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Side-Looking Radar System

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313

Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313