Ordinary Differential Equations

[FCM 1023]
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Chapter 5
Overview
Chapter 5: LAPLACE TRANSFORM
5.1. Definition and Basic Properties

5.2. Inverse Laplace Transform

5.3. Method of Solution

5.4. Operational Properties
Learning Outcome
At the end of this section, you should be able
to:

Use translation theorems

5.4 Operational Properties
If and a is any real number,
then


5.4 Operational Properties
First Translation Theorem
) ( )} ( { s F t f L =
) ( )} ( { a s F t f e L
at
=
a s s
at
t f L t f e L

= )} ( { )} ( {
.
} {
3 5
t e L
t
5
3 3 5
} { } {

=
s s
t
t L t e L
Example 1
5.4 Operational Properties
5
4
! 3

=
s s
s
4
) 5 (
6

=
s
Evaluate
a s s
at
t f L t f e L

= )} ( { )} ( {
.
Example 2
5.4 Operational Properties
} 4 cos {
2
t e L
t
2
2
} 4 {cos } 4 cos {
+

=
s s
t
t L t e L
2
2 2
4
+
+
=
s s
s
s
( )
16 ) 2 (
2
2
+ +
+
=
s
s
Evaluate
a s s
at
t f L t f e L

= )} ( { )} ( {
.
) ( )} ( { a s F t f e L
at
=
) ( } ) ( { )} ( {
1 1
t f e s F L a s F L
at
a s s
= =


5.4 Operational Properties
Inverse of First Translation Theorem
.
)
`

2
1
) 3 (
5 2
s
s
L
2 2
) 3 (
11
3
2
) 3 (
5 2

+
s s s
s
)
`

+
)
`

=
)
`

+

2
1 1
2
1
) 3 (
1
11
3
1
2
) 3 (
5 2
s
L
s
L
s
s
L

+ =

3
2
1 3
) (
1
11 2
s s
t
s
L e
t t
te e
3 3
11 2 + =
Example 1
5.4 Operational Properties
) ( } ) ( {
1
t f e s F L
at
a s s
=

Evaluate
.
)
`

+ +

11 6
2
1
s s
s
L
Example 2
5.4 Operational Properties
( )
)
`

+ +
=
)
`

+ +

2 3
11 6
2
1
2
1
s
s
L
s s
s
L
( )
( ) ( )
)
`

+ +

+ +
+
=

2 3
3
2 3
3
2 2
1
s s
s
L
( )
( )
)
`

+ +
+
=

2 3
3 3
2
1
s
s
L
Evaluate
.
Example 2
5.4 Operational Properties
( )
( ) ( )
)
`

+ +

+ +
+
=

2 3
3
2 3
3
2 2
1
s s
s
L
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

)

+ +

+ +
+
=

2
2
1
2
2
1
2 3
1
3
2 3
3
s
L
s
s
L
( )
( )
( )
)

+
=
+

3
2
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
s s s s
s
L
s
s
L
( ) ( ) t e t e
t t
2 sin
2
3
2 cos
3 3
=
) ( } ) ( {
1
t f e s F L
at
a s s
=

Exercise
5.4 Operational Properties
( )
)
`

+
+

8 2
1
1
1
2 3
1
s s
s
L Evaluate
( ) t e t e
t t
3 sinh
3
1
2
1
2
+
Ans:
The unit step function, is defined as
5.4 Operational Properties
Unit Step Function or Heaviside Function
) ( a t U

>
< s
= .
, 1
0 , 0
) (
a t
a t
a t U
U
t
1
a
If and then
5.4 Operational Properties
Second Translation Theorem
)} ( { ) ( t f L s F = , 0 > a
) ( )} ( ) ( { s F e a t U a t f L
as
=
s
e
a t U L
as
= )} ( {
.
( ) ( ) { } 2 2
3
t U t L
Example 1
5.4 Operational Properties
( ) ( ) { } ( )
3 2
3
2 2 t L e t U t L
s
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

4
2
! 3
s
e
s
4
2
6
s
e
s
=
Evaluate ) ( )} ( ) ( { s F e a t U a t f L
as
=
( )
3
2 ) 2 ( = t t f ( )
3
) ( t t f =
2 = a
.
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 2 3 2 + = t U t U t f
Example 2
5.4 Operational Properties
Find the Laplace Transform
( ) { } { } ( ) { } ( ) { } 3 2 3 2 + = t U L t U L L t f L
s
e
a t U L
as
= )} ( {
s
e
s
e
s
s s 3 2
3
2

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
.
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 3 2 = t U t t g
Example 3
5.4 Operational Properties
Find the Laplace Transform
( ) { } ( ) ( ) { } 1 3 2 = t U t L t g L
) ( )} ( ) ( { s F e a t U a t f L
as
=
( ) { } 1 2 =

t L e
s
{ } { } | | 1 2 L t L e
s
=

(

=

s
s
e
s
1 2
2
The unit step function can be used to write
piecewise defined function in a compact form.

For instance:



The compact is:
5.4 Operational Properties
( )
( )
( )

>
< s
= .
,
0 ,
a t t h
a t t g
t f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a t U t h a t U t g t g t f + =
For instance:





The compact is:
5.4 Operational Properties
( ) ( )

>
< s
< s
=
b t
b t a t g
a t
t f
, 0
,
0 , 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | b t U a t U t g t f =
Find

>
< s
=
3 , 2
3 0 ,
) (
t
t t
t f
)} ( { t f L where
Example 4
5.4 Operational Properties
( )
( )
( )

>
< s
=
a t t h
a t t g
t f
,
0 ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a t U t h a t U t g t g t f + =
Solution:
Step 1: Change to compact form

t t g = ) (
3 ) ( + = t t f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a t U t h a t U t g t g t f + =
5.4 Operational Properties

>
< s
=
3 , 2
3 0 ,
) (
t
t t
t f
2 ) ( = t h
3 = a
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 2 3 + = t U t tU t t f
5.4 Operational Properties
)} 3 ( { 2 )} 3 ( { } { )} ( { + = t U L t tU L t L t f L
s
e
t tU L
s
s 3
2
2 )} 3 ( {
1

+ =
s
e
a t U L
as
= )} ( {
)} 3 ( { t tU L
Step 2: Compute the Laplace transform
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 2 3 + = t U t tU t t f
) ( )} ( ) ( { s F e a t U a t f L
as
=
5.4 Operational Properties
t t f = ) 3 ( 3 ) ( + = t t f
) ( )} 3 ( {
3
s F e t tU L
s
=
s s
t L t f L s F
3 1
} 3 { )} ( { ) (
2
+ = + = =
)} 3 ( { t tU L
3 = a
) ( )} ( ) ( { s F e a t U a t f L
as
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

s
s
e t tU L
s
3 1
)} 3 ( {
2
3
s
e
s
e
s s 3
2
3
1

=
( ) { }
s
e
t tU L
s
t f L
s 3
2
2 )} 3 ( {
1

+ =
s
e
s
e
s
e
s
s s s 3 3
2
3
2
2 3 1

+ =
5.4 Operational Properties
If then
)} ( { ) (
1
s F L t f

=
). ( ) ( )} ( {
1
a t U a t f s F e L
as
=

5.4 Operational Properties
Inverse of Second Translation Theorem
Example 1
5.4 Operational Properties
Evaluate
}
4
1
{
2 1 s
e
s
L

}
4
1
{
2 1 s
e
s
L

). ( ) ( )} ( {
1
a t U a t f s F e L
as
=

2 = a
4
1
) (

=
s
s F
( ) t f e
s
L
t
= =

4 1
}
4
1
{
5.4 Operational Properties
) 2 ( }
4
1
{
) 2 ( 4 2 1
=

t U e e
s
L
t s
Therefore,
t
e t f
4
) ( =
( ) 2 4
) 2 (

=
t
e t f
) ( ) ( )} ( {
1
a t U a t f s F e L
as
=

( ) t f e
s
L
t
= =

4 1
}
4
1
{