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So, two different places to start third layer! IF directly over A, get ABAB packing, also known as hexagonal closest packed (hcp). Used by Mg, Ca, Co, Zn, etc.
So, two different places to start third layer! IF third layer directly over B, get ABCABC packing, also known as face centered cubic (fcc). Used by Al, Cu, Ni, Ag, Au etc.
Lattice Packing
Elemental Cu and Ni each uses fcc packing and both have very similar lattice parameters (e.g. internuclear distances). If we heat the two elements to melting and then mix together and cool slowly, the fcc packing is retained, but with a random placement of the two elements. Known as a solid solution alloy.
Lattice Packing
Elemental Cu and Au each uses fcc packing but have very different lattice parameters (Au >> Cu). Upon reaction (melt and cool) yields a specifically ordered arrangement = an intermetallic compound, which may not conform to oxidation state rules.
mathematically, this results in ~3,160 possible binary elemental combinations (not taking into account various stoichiometries, AB, AB2, A2.3B3, etcetera). 90% of known binary compounds have simple stoichiometries: MX, MX2, MX3, M3X5, etcetera. For MX there are 20 common structure types (well look at 3). For MX2 there are 26 common structure types (well look at 2). Each of these structural types can be thought of as starting from single element packing lattices.
Zinc blende (ZnS) structure S-2 in fcc lattice Zn+2 in alternating Td holes
Fluorite (CaF2) structure Ca+2 in fcc lattice F- in all Td holes Rutile (TiO2) structure Ti+2 in body centered cubic lattice Oxygens in lower symmetry array.
If react with other ratios, get mixtures of these 3 plus startting material. If use Na2O instead of Li2O, get entirely different compounds.
Pseudoternary Compounds.
Both sodium chloride and silver chloride utilize NaCl structure. If react (melt and re-cool) non-stoichiometric amounts, get solid solution of NaCl structure type, but with random occupation of Na/Ag sites. (1-x) NaCl + xAgCl Na1-xAgxCl Called pseudoternary because it contains 3 types of elements, but still adopts binary-type structure.
to extrapolate out to room temperature, would need 8 elements, which means 2.90 x 1010 possible combinations before stoichiometry! what are the most complicated compounds in nature (max # cations in different crystallographic environments)?
Asbecaite: Cu3TiAs6Be2Si2O30 Mordite: LaSrNa3ZnSi6O17
Dont want material to react with container, so common to use fused quartz (up to 1200oC), but do use other materials. Often start with oxides that are stable in air. 3CuO + 2BaO2 + Y(OH)3 mix well and press into a pellet; heat in aluminum oxide container 920oC for 24 hours. yields YBa2Cu3O6, which when reacted with 3/2H2O + 5/2O2 and annealed below 500oC in O2 produces YBa2Cu3O4 (superconductor).
Different atoms diffuse at different rates, but typically D ~ 10-10 to 10-12 cm2/sec at 2/3Tm (in K). Therefore, it would take ~320 years to move 1cm in a solid. But, they ARE moving! Atomic scale on order of . Atoms can also diffuse (migrate) in crystalline solids because of defects (more later).
Melting Points
Compounds may melt congruently (Tm) , with a single melting point. Changes from solid to liquid of same composition. e.g. H2O(s) H2O(l); all elements melt congruently. Some compounds melt incongruently (Tin), decomposing on heating to components with different composition. e.g. solid solid and liquid of different composition. e.g. YBa2Cu3O4 melts incongruently.