Process Costing

Chapter 4

PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA
Copyright 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-2

Similarities Between Job-Order and Process Costing

Both systems assign material, labor, and overhead

costs to products and they provide a mechanism for computing unit product costs.
Both systems use the same manufacturing accounts, including Manufacturing Overhead, Raw Materials, Work in Process, and Finished Goods. The flow of costs through the manufacturing accounts is basically the same in both systems.

4-3

Differences Between Job-Order and Process Costing

Process costing:
1. Is used when a single product is produced on a continuing basis or for a long period of time. Job-order costing is used when many different jobs having different production requirements are worked on each period.
2. Systems accumulate costs by department. Job-order

costing systems accumulated costs by individual jobs.

3. Systems compute unit costs by department. Job-order costing systems compute unit costs by job on the job cost sheet.

4-4

Quick Check
Process costing is used for products that are:
a. Different and produced continuously. b. Similar and produced continuously.

c. Individual units produced to customer specifications.

d. Purchased from vendors.

4-5

Quick Check
Process costing is used for products that are:
a. Different and produced continuously. b. Similar and produced continuously.

c. Individual units produced to customer specifications.

d. Purchased from vendors.

4-6

Processing Departments
Any unit in an organization where materials, labor, or overhead are added to the product. The activities performed in a processing department are performed uniformly on all units of production. Furthermore, the output of a processing department must be homogeneous. Products in a process costing environment typically flow in a sequence from one department to another.

4-7

Learning Objective 1
Record the flow of materials, labor, and overhead through a process costing system.

4-8

Comparing Job-Order and Process Costing

Direct Materials Direct Labor

Work in Process

Finished Goods

Manufacturing Overhead

Cost of Goods Sold

4-9

Comparing Job-Order and Process Costing

Direct Materials Direct Labor

Costs are traced and applied to individual jobs in a job-order cost system.
Finished Goods

Jobs

Manufacturing Overhead

Cost of Goods Sold

4-10

Comparing Job-Order and Process Costing

Direct Materials

Costs are traced and applied to departments in a process cost system.

Direct Labor

Processing Department

Finished Goods

Manufacturing Overhead

Cost of Goods Sold

4-11

T-Account and Journal Entry Views of Process Cost Flows

For purposes of this example, assume there are two processing departments Departments A and B. We will use T-accounts and journal entries.

4-12

Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Raw Materials (in T-account form)
Raw Materials
Direct Materials

Work in Process Department A

Direct Materials

Work in Process Department B

Direct Materials

4-13

Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Raw Materials (in journal entry form)
Work in Process - Department A Work in Process - Department B Raw Materials XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX

4-14

Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Labor Costs (in T-account form)
Salaries and Wages Payable
Direct Labor

Work in Process Department A

Direct Materials Direct Labor

Work in Process Department B

Direct Materials Direct Labor

4-15

Process Costing: The Flow of Labor Costs (in journal entry form)
Work in Process - Department A Work in Process - Department B Salaries and Wages Payable XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX

4-16

Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Manufacturing Overhead Costs (in T-account form)
Work in Process Department A Manufacturing Overhead
Actual Overhead Overhead Applied to Work in Process Direct Materials Direct Labor Applied Overhead

Work in Process Department B

Direct Materials Direct Labor Applied Overhead

4-17

Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Manufacturing Overhead Costs (in journal entry form)

Work in Process - Department A Work in Process - Department B Manufacturing Overhead

XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX

4-18

Process Cost Flows: Transfers from WIPDept. A to WIP-Dept. B (in T-account form)
Work in Process Department A Direct Transferred Materials to Dept. B Direct Labor Applied Overhead Work in Process Department B Direct Materials Direct Labor Applied Overhead Transferred from Dept. A

Department A

Department B

4-19

Process Cost Flows: Transfers from WIP-Dept. A to WIP-Dept. B (in journal entry form)
Work in Process - Department B Work in Process - Department A XXXXX XXXXX

4-20

Process Cost Flows: Transfers from WIP-Dept. B to Finished Goods (in T-account form)
Work in Process Department B Finished Goods Cost of Goods Manufactured

Direct Cost of Materials Goods Direct Manufactured Labor Applied Overhead Transferred from Dept. A

4-21

Process Cost Flows: Transfers from WIP-Dept. B to Finished Goods (in journal entry form)
Finished Goods Work in Process - Department B XXXXX XXXXX

4-22

Process Cost Flows: Transfers from Finished Goods to COGS (in T-account form)
Work in Process Department B Finished Goods

Direct Cost of Cost of Cost of Materials Goods Goods Goods Direct Manufactured Manufactured Sold Labor Applied Overhead Transferred Cost of Goods Sold from Dept. A Cost of Goods Sold

4-23

Process Cost Flows: Transfers from Finished Goods to COGS (in journal entry form)
Cost of Goods Sold Finished Goods XXXXX XXXXX

4-24

Equivalent Units of Production

Equivalent units are the product of the number of partially completed units and the percentage completion of those units. These partially completed units complicate the determination of a departments output for a given period and the unit cost that should be assigned to that output.

4-25

Equivalent Units The Basic Idea

Two half completed products are equivalent to one complete product.

So, 10,000 units 70% complete are equivalent to 7,000 complete units.

4-26

Quick Check
For the current period, Jones started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did Jones have for the period? a. 10,000 b. 11,500 c. 13,500 d. 15,000

4-27

Quick Check
For the current period, Jones started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did Jones have for the period? a. 10,000 10,000 units + (5,000 units 0.30) b. 11,500 = 11,500 equivalent units c. 13,500 d. 15,000

4-28

Calculating Equivalent Units

Equivalent units can be calculated two ways: The First-In, First-Out Method FIFO is
covered in the appendix to this chapter.

The Weighted-Average Method This method

will be covered in the main portion of the chapter.

4-29

Learning Objective 2
Compute the equivalent units of production using the weighted-average method.

4-30

Equivalent Units of Production

Weighted-Average Method

The weighted-average method . . .

1. Makes no distinction between work done in prior or current periods.
2. Blends together units and costs from prior and current periods. 3. Determines equivalent units of production for a department by adding together the number of units transferred out plus the equivalent units in ending Work in Process Inventory.

4-31

Treatment of Direct Labor

Direct Materials Dollar Amount Manufacturing Overhead

Direct Labor

Direct labor costs may be small in comparison to other product costs in process cost systems.

Type of Product Cost

4-32

Treatment of Direct Labor

Direct Materials Dollar Amount Conversion
Direct Labor

Direct Labor

Manufacturing Overhead

Direct labor and manufacturing overhead may be combined into one classification of product cost called conversion costs.

Type of Product Cost

4-33

Weighted-Average An Example
Smith Company reported the following activity in the Assembly Department for the month of June:
Percent Completed Units Work in process, June 1 Units started into production in June Units completed and transferred out of Department A during June Work in process, June 30 300 6,000 5,400 Materials Conversion 40% 20%

900

60%

30%

4-34

Weighted-Average An Example
The first step in calculating the equivalent units is to identify the units completed and transferred out of Assembly Department in June (5,400 units)
Materials Units completed and transferred out of the Department in June 5,400 Conversion 5,400

4-35

Weighted-Average An Example
The second step is to identify the equivalent units of production in ending work in process with respect to materials for the month (540 units) and adding this to the 5,400 units from step one.
Materials Units completed and transferred out of the Department in June Work in process, June 30: 900 units 60% 540 5,400 Conversion 5,400

Equivalent units of Production in the Department during June

5,940

4-36

Weighted-Average An Example
The third step is to identify the equivalent units of production in ending work in process with respect to conversion for the month (270 units) and adding this to the 5,400 units from step one.
Materials Units completed and transferred out of the Department in June Work in process, June 30: 900 units 60% 900 units 30% Equivalent units of Production in the Department during June 5,940 540 270 5,670 5,400 Conversion 5,400

4-37

Weighted-Average An Example
Equivalent units of production always equals: Units completed and transferred + Equivalent units remaining in work in process
Materials Units completed and transferred out of the Department in June Work in process, June 30: 900 units 60% 900 units 30% Equivalent units of Production in the Department during June 5,940 540 270 5,670 5,400 Conversion 5,400

4-38

Weighted-Average An Example Materials

Beginning Work in Process 300 Units 40% Complete

6,000 Units Started

5,100 Units Started and Completed

Ending Work in Process 900 Units 60% Complete

5,400 Units Completed 540 Equivalent Units 5,940 Equivalent units of production

900 60%

4-39

Weighted-Average An Example Conversion

Beginning Work in Process 300 Units 20% Complete

6,000 Units Started

5,100 Units Started and Completed

Ending Work in Process 900 Units 30% Complete

5,400 Units Completed 270 Equivalent Units 5,670 Equivalent units of production

900 30%

4-40

Learning Objective 3
Compute the cost per equivalent unit using the weighted-average method.

4-41

Compute and Apply Costs

Beginning Work in Process Inventory: 400 units Materials: 40% complete $ 6,119 Conversion: 20% complete $ 3,920 Production started during June Production completed during June Costs added to production in June Materials cost Conversion cost Ending Work in Process Inventory: Materials: 60% complete Conversion: 30% complete 6,000 units 5,400 units $ 118,621 $ 81,130 900 units

4-42

Compute and Apply Costs

The formula for computing the cost per equivalent unit is:
Cost per equivalent = unit Cost of beginning Work in Process + Cost added during Inventory the period Equivalent units of production

4-43

Compute and Apply Costs

Here is a schedule with the cost and equivalent unit information.
Total Cost Cost to be accounted for: Work in process, June 1 Cost added in Assembly Total cost Equivalent units $ $ 10,039 199,751 209,790 Materials $ 6,119 118,621 Conversion $ $ 3,920 81,130 85,050 5,670

$ 124,740 5,940

4-44

Compute and Apply Costs

Here is a schedule with the cost and equivalent unit information.
$124,740 5,940 units = $21.00

$85,050 5,670 units = $15.00

Total Cost Materials $ 6,119 118,621 Conversion $ $ 3,920 81,130 85,050 5,670 $ 15.00

Cost to be accounted for: Work in process, June 1 Cost added in Assembly Total cost Equivalent units Cost per equivalent unit

$ $

10,039 199,751 209,790

$ 124,740 5,940 $ 21.00

Cost per equivalent unit = $21.00 + $15.00 = $36.00

4-45

Learning Objective 4
Assign costs to units using the weightedaverage method.

4-46

Applying Costs
Assembly Department Cost of Ending WIP Inventory and Units Transferred Out Materials Conversion Total Ending WIP inventory: Equivalent units 540 270

4-47

Applying Costs
Assembly Department Cost of Ending WIP Inventory and Units Transferred Out Materials Conversion Total Ending WIP inventory: Equivalent units 540 270 Cost per equivalent unit $ 21.00 $ 15.00

4-48

Applying Costs
Assembly Department Cost of Ending WIP Inventory and Units Transferred Out Materials Conversion Total Ending WIP inventory: Equivalent units 540 270 Cost per equivalent unit $ 21.00 $ 15.00 Cost of Ending WIP inventory $ 11,340 $ 4,050 $ 15,390

4-49

Computing the Cost of Units Transferred Out

Assembly Department Cost of Ending WIP Inventory and Units Transferred Out Materials Conversion Total Ending WIP inventory: Equivalent units 540 270 Cost per equivalent unit $ 21.00 $ 15.00 Cost of Ending WIP inventory $ 11,340 $ 4,050 $ 15,390 Units completed and transferred out: Units transferred 5,400 5,400

4-50

Computing the Cost of Units Transferred Out

Assembly Department Cost of Ending WIP Inventory and Units Transferred Out Materials Conversion Total Ending WIP inventory: Equivalent units 540 270 Cost per equivalent unit $ 21.00 $ 15.00 Cost of Ending WIP inventory $ 11,340 $ 4,050 $ 15,390 Units completed and transferred out: Units transferred 5,400 5,400 Cost per equivalent unit $ 21.00 $ 15.00

4-51

Computing the Cost of Units Transferred Out

Assembly Department Cost of Ending WIP Inventory and Units Transferred Out Materials Conversion Total Ending WIP inventory: Equivalent units 540 270 Cost per equivalent unit $ 21.00 $ 15.00 Cost of Ending WIP inventory $ 11,340 $ 4,050 $ 15,390 Units completed and transferred out: Units transferred 5,400 5,400 Cost per equivalent unit $ 21.00 $ 15.00 Cost of units transferred out $ 113,400 $ 81,000 $ 194,400

4-52

Learning Objective 5
Prepare a cost reconciliation report.

4-53

Reconciling Costs
Assembly Department Cost Reconciliation Costs to be accounted for: Cost of beginning Work in Process Inventory Costs added to production during the period Total cost to be accounted for

$ $

10,039 199,751 209,790

4-54

Reconciling Costs
Assembly Department Cost Reconciliation Costs to be accounted for: Cost of beginning Work in Process Inventory Costs added to production during the period Total cost to be accounted for Cost accounted for as follows: Cost of ending Work in Process Inventory Cost of units transferred out Total cost accounted for

$ $

10,039 199,751 209,790

$ $

15,390 194,400 209,790

4-55

Operation Costing
Operation cost is a hybrid of job-order and process costing because it possesses attributes of both approaches. Operation costing is commonly used when batches of many different products pass through the same processing department.