Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Jagannath Adhikari
Presentation
Types, scale and importance of migration/remittances on national economy. Village level studies on impact on society and economy. Policy evolution on migration and a case for mainstreaming migration and remittances. How development policies deal with migration/remittances. Policy gaps for mainstreaming migration in development policies.
Jagannath Adhikari, June12, 2013 2
Early in-migration leading to peopling of the country (6th13th century). Traditional migration for trade (until 1950s), and combined with seasonal movement. Early heavy out-migration from Nepal 18th-20th century (with high taxation and extreme exploitation of common peasants). Migration for army jobs .. still continuing to some extent. Rapid internal migration (hill to Tarai) 1960 to 1980s, after malaria eradication. Foreign labour migration beyond India (after 1990).
Jagannath Adhikari, June12, 2013 3
Emigration
(moving out of country: Sources CBS, NIDS, 2012) Subtypes Seasonal (Nepal to India) Volume (in 2011) Mainly from mid and far west, Nepal; for farm work Nepali also go to India. 0.8 million 1.5 million
Army Jobs (Nepal to India) 50,000 (approx) Army Job (Nepal-British army) 3,000 (approx) Temporary, Long distance, contract job 1.9 million stock (about 360,000 (Beyond India, but mainly in Malaysia and yearly in recent times) Gulf) women = 10% Student migration (except India) Refugees in Nepal 25,000 (approx..) in 2011 Tibetan, Bhutanese, others
4
Remittance constitutes one-fourth of household income. At least 1/3 of working age male population is abroad
Jagannath Adhikari, June12, 2013 5
Gulf Sates and Malaysia are Main Countries for Migration from Nepal (other than India)
(Data for 1993-2011; DoFE, 2012)
Hong Kong Israel Lebanon Oman Bahrain Kuwait UAE Saudi Arabia Qatar Malaysia 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000
There is a Direct Correlation Between Wealth Status and Where a Person Goes for Work (Source: NIDS, 2012)
Wealth Status Poor Where they go for work Type of work India (on a seasonal basis or temporary) India laborers, hotel and restaurants, domestic help factory work and office work army or civil service
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010//11 2011/12
10
19.7 80.3
25
11
12
Village study
(Pokhara and its nearby villages)
13
% households having members in foreign countries to work (except India) from Lachok-Rivan village
Dalit
Gurung
28.7
43.8
66.4
73.2
14
8 (UK army)
25 % India army)
Use of remittances
Consumption - macro-economic situation balancing the national current account .. (dominant discourse in Nepal) NLSS III says only about 2% is used for capital formation. Other studies contradictions. Grass-roots studies show that use in education, health and buying assets are important.. (after paying loans). there are multiplier effects for employment and income generation (land rent opportunities wage opportunities). High investment on buying land, especially in urban areas and market centers. Remittances leading to internal migration for housing, children education and medical facility, and for businesses like shops - Village to road side ; Village to market centers; Village to urban areas
Jagannath Adhikari, June12, 2013 15
16
17
Returning to Village
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
Extended Community?
Multi-locational livelihood strategies. Village community reproduced in other spaces through diasporas (Japan, Gulf States, New York City). Migrants bringing in skills. Resource generation and skill transfer for schools, hospitals and other village development.
Jagannath Adhikari, June12, 2013 30
Internal Working Directive of Department of Foreign Employment Non-Resident Nepali Act 2008 2009 (2066 AD). Directives for Emigration for Women Domestic Help, 2012 Nepal Rastra Bank Remittance Rules 2010 Report of a Task-Force constituted to make recommendation to National Micro-finance Policy 2064 improve foreign labour migration 2010 Nepal Rastra Bank Provision Related to EPS system Providing Credit to Poor (Bipanna Barga) Executive Order 17 JITCO Directive 2009 Working Procedure to send Caregiver to Israel, 2011 Bilateral agreements and MoUs Three Year Plan (2010-2013) Immigration Act 1992 and Labor Act 1992 (guide immigration) Jagannath Adhikari, June12,
2013 31
Policy evolution/mainstreaming
Before 1985 - only domestic employment generation was emphasized. 7th Plan (1985-1990) and 8th Plan (1992-1997): realization of importance of foreign employment. The ninth Plan (1997-2002) emphasized the need to take advantage of globalization process through foreign labour migration promotion of skill development and economic diplomacy. - Policy to send 200 workers for foreign employment from each electoral constituency, numbering 201 constituencies at that time, - To provide loan of Rs 100,000 to conflict affected and socially excluded groups so that they could take the opportunity for foreign employment. Both these policies did not continue.
32
33
36
Policy gaps.
Policy on information system, particularly information sharing through digital means among different related agencies, is lacking leading to duplications and hassles for workers. Vertical thinking/action in sectoral ministries. Decentralization policies do not deal with foreign employment and remittances at local level. Policy to use remittances for encouraging productive investment is lacking. Simple things like having a migration resource center in CDO office while getting passport and having a facility to watch at video about migration could be beneficial.
37
Thank You
38