Biotechnology

by Biology Department Faculty of Math and Science Brawijaya University

What Is Biotechnology?

Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses

What Is Biotechnology?

GMO- genetically modified organisms. GEO- genetically enhanced organisms. With both, the natural genetic material of the organism has been altered. Roots in bread making, wine brewing, cheese and yogurt fermentation, and classical plant and animal breeding

What Is Biotechnology?

Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either

Transferring them to another organism Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations

What is the career outlook in biotechnology?

Biotech in 1998

1,300 companies in the US 2/3 have less than 135 employees 140,000 jobs

Jobs will continue to increase exponentially Jobs are available to high school graduates through PhDs

What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology?

Multidisciplinary- involving a number of disciplines that are coordinated for a desired outcome Science

Life sciences Physical sciences Social sciences

What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology?

Mathematics Applied sciences

Computer applications Engineering Agriculture

What Are the Stages of Biotechnology Development

Ancient biotechnology- early history as related to food and shelter; Includes domestication Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering

What Are the Areas of Biotechnology?

Organismic biotechnology- uses intact organisms; Does not alter genetic material Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic makeup to achieve specific goals

Transgenic organism- an organism with artificially altered genetic material

What Are the Benefits of Biotechnology?

Medicine

Human Veterinary Biopharming

Environment Agriculture Food products Industry and manufacturing

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek Discovered cells

Bacteria Protists Red blood

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?

Gregor Johan Mendel Discovered genetics

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?

Walter Sutton Discovered Chromosomes

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?

Thomas Hunt Morgan Discovered how genes are transmitted through chromosomes

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?

Ernst Ruska Invented the electron microscope

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?

Sir Alexander Fleming Discovered penicillin

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?

Rosalind Elsie Franklin Research led to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?

James Watson and Francis Crick Discovered DNA

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?

Mary-Claire King Mapped human genes for research of cancer treatments

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?

Ian Wilmut Created the first true clone, the Dorset ewe Dolly

What Is Molecular Biology?

Molecular biology- study of molecules in cells Metabolism- processes by which organisms use nutrients Anabolism- building tissues from smaller materials Catabolism- breaking down materials into smaller components

What Is a Cell?

Cell- a discrete unit of life Unicellular organismorganism of one cell Multicellular organism- organism of many cells Prokaryote- cells that lack specific nucleus Eukaryote- cells with well-defined nucleus

What Is a Cell?

Cells are building blocks:

Tissue- collection of cells with specific functions Organs- collections of tissues with specific functions Organ systems- collections of organs with specific functions

What Are the Structures in Molecular Genetics?

Molecular genetics- study of genes and how they are expressed Chromosome- part of cell nucleus that contains heredity information and promotes protein synthesis Gene- basic unit of heredity on a chromosome DNA- molecule in a chromosome that codes genetic information

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

What Is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)?

Transcription- process of RNA production by DNA DNA-thread-like molecule which decodes DNA information

What Is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)?

Kinds of RNA:

mRNA- RNA molecules that carry information that specifies amino acid sequence of a protein molecule during translation rRNA- RNA molecules that form the ribosomal subunits; Mediate the translation of mRNA into proteins tRNA- molecules that decode sequence information in and mRNA snRNA- very short RNA that interconnects with to promote formation of mRNA

What Are Genetic Engineering Organisms?

Genetic engineering- artificially changing the genetic information in the cells of organisms Transgenic- an organism that has been genetically modified GMO- a genetically modified organism GEO- a genetically enhanced organism

How Can Genetically Engineered Plants Be Used?

Agriculture Horticulture Forestry Environment Food Quality

How Do We Create Transgenic Organisms?

Donor cell- cell that provides DNA Recipient cell- cell that receives DNA Protocol- procedure for a scientific process Three methods used in gene transfer

Agrobacterium gene transfer- plasmid Ballistic gene transfer- gene gun Direct gene transfer- enzymes

How Does Agrobacterium Gene Transfer Work?

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

6.

Extract DNA from donor Cut DNA into fragments Sort DNA fragments Recombine DNA fragments Transfer plasmids with bonded DNA Grow transformed (recipient) cells

What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?

Plant breeding- improvement of plants by breeding selected individuals to achieve desired goals Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety

What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?

Plant breeding methods;

Line breeding- breeding successive generations of plants among themselves Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different varieties or species Hybridization- breeding individuals from two distinctly different varieties

Selection

Why Are Plants Genetically Engineered?

Resist pests Resist herbicides Improved product quality Pharmaceuticals Industrial products

Genes inhibiting synthesis of saturated fatty acid successfully inserted in chromosomal DNA of palm oil callus

Perkembangan Tanaman Kelapa Sawit Transgenik

What Is AI?

Artificial insemination- the transfer of collected semen to a recipient female Semen is collected from males of desired quality Semen is graded and stored

Penampungan semen dengan vagina buatan

What Is AI?

Female must be in estrus for conception Hormone injections may be used to synchronize estrus Semen is placed in the cervix near the horns of the uterus

What Is a Test Tube Baby?

In vitro fertilization- fertilization of collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube

Semen is collected from males of desired quality Ova are removed from females Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish or test tube

What Is Gender Reversal?

Gender reversal- changing the sex of an animal

Very young animals receive hormone treatments Most common among selected fish species

What Is Gender Preselection?

Gender preselection- choosing the sex of offspring

Sperm sorted before conception Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome differences X chromosomes produce female offspring Y chromosomes produce male offspring

What Is Embryo Transfer?

Embryo transfer- removing fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient

Surgical and nonsurgical methods are used to remove and implant A quality donor female can produce more offspring

What Is Multiple Ovulation?

Multiple ovulation- promoting increased release of ova during estrus

Hormone injections administered prior to estrus Used with embryo transfer AI may be used to fertilize ova After fertilization, embryos are removed and placed in recipients

OVULATION

OVULATION

Matured oocyte (SEM)

Human mature oocyte

Rabit oocyte

SUPER OVULATION

SUPER OVULATED OVARIES

Lutheal superovolated ovaries

What Is Cloning?

Clone- new organism that has been produced asexually from a single parent Genotype is identical to parent Cells or tissues are cultured

Transgenic animals

Transgenic animals

Transgenic animal

Nuclear Transfer Technology (Memakai micromanipulator untuk micro surgery)

Nuclear transfer

Nuclear transfer

Dolly sheep

What is therapeutic cloning ?

How Are Hormones Used in Animal Production?

Hormone- natural product of glands to produce a response in another part of the body Released by endocrine glands into blood system Hormones are identified, functions determined, and isolated Used to increase growth and production rates bST- promotes milk production in cows pST- promotes lean meat production in swine

What Is Bioremediation?

Bioremediation- using biological processes to solve environmental problems Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by microbes

How Can Bioremediation Be Used?

Oil spills Wastewater treatment Heavy metal removal Chemical degradation

What Is Phytoremediation?

Phytoremediation- process of plants being used to solve pollution problems

Plants absorb and break down pollutants Used with heavy metals, pesticides, explosives, and leachate

What Is Composting?

Composting- a process that promotes biological decomposition of organic matter Compost bin- a facility that contains materials for composting In-vessel composting- using enclosed containers for composting

What Are Bioethics?

Ethics- knowing right from wrong, and then doing the right idea Bio- living organisms Bioethics- knowing right from wrong with living organisms, and then doing the right idea http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.H ome/biotechethics.htm

Creating Bioethics Arguments

Read this article from the school website http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.H ome/dwnld/Ethics.in.Biotech.pdf After you read this article prepare ethical arguments with at least 5 Scientific and Factual claims to support your Premise and Conclusion

Ethical Arguments

Create an ethical argument for or against the following topics

Human Cloning Gender Reversal on Livestock Gender Reversal on Humans Genetic Engineering of Plants Genetic Engineering of Humans

Creating a Premise

Human cloning is immoral. Now you must find Scientific and Factual Claims to support your Premise After you have at least 5 Claims, you may conclude, Therefore, human cloning is immoral. You do not have to be for or against any of the topics, its your choice!

Is human cloning immoral? Tak mesteh Dik !

Indigenous species

Genetically modified organism

Everything that can be invented has been invented