EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND Robotics

Robotics is the science and technologies of robots, including their design , manufacturing, and application. Robotics requires a working knowledge of electronics, mechanics, and software. Actually it provides a very powerful and flexible approach to demonstrate physics , computer science , variety of engineering concept and mathematics.

Used internationally by Police, Army, Navy and Air force organisations. With hazardous situations :- suspicious packages, riots and for the collection of foreign intelligence. Dangerous work environments such as moving harmful chemicals or fighting fires. NASA scientists use robotic technologies (Mars Explorer) to explore other planets.

 Repetitive tasks High speed High precision movements Pre-planned trajectories and task policies

Automated and no human interference

required

Mobility: It possesses some form of mobility.

Programmability: It can be programmed to accomplish a large variety of tasks. After being programmed, it operates automatically.
Sensors: On or around the device that are able to sense the environment and give useful feedback to the device. Mechanical capability: Enabling it to act on its environment rather than merely function as a data processing or computational device (a robot is a machine). Flexibility: It can operate using a range of programs and manipulates in a variety of ways.

Why do we need to learn Microprocessors/controllers?

The microprocessor is the core of computer systems. Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment, portable devices, are controlled by them. A designer should know what types of components he needs, ways to reduce production costs and product reliable.

Microprocessors:
General-purpose microprocessor
CPU for Computers No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself ExampleIntels x86, Motorolas 680x0
Many chips on mothers board

CPU GeneralPurpose Microprocessor

Data Bus

RAM

ROM

I/O Port

Timer

Serial COM Port

Address Bus General-Purpose Microprocessor System

A smaller computer On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... ExampleMotorolas 6811, Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU

RAM ROM

A single chip
I/O Port
Serial Timer COM Port Microcontroller

Microprocessor CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. expansive versatility general-purpose

Microcontroller CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports for applications in which cost, power and space are critical single-purpose

Definition: An Embedded System is one that has computer hardware with software embedded in it as one of its important components.
Its software embeds in ROM (Read Only Memory). It does not need secondary memories as in a computer
SOFTWARE PROGRAM
#include <16f876a.h> #use delay (clock=20000000) #byte PORTB=6 main() { set_tris_b(0); portb=255; //decimal delay_ms(1000); portb=0x55; //hexadecimal delay_ms(1000); portb=0b10101010; //binary delay_ms(500); }
10

HARDWARE

 It

has Hardware

Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports, etc.

It It

has main Application Software has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.

RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application software. It sets the rules during the execution of the application program. A small scale embedded system may not need an RTOS.

11

Real-time operation Size Cost Time Reliability Safety Energy Security

12

1.

Small Scale Embedded System

2.

Medium Scale Embedded System

3.

Sophisticated Embedded System

13

APPLICATIONS
Household appliances: Microwave ovens, Television, DVD Players & Recorders Audio players Integrated systems in aircrafts and missiles

Cellular telephones
Electric and Electronic Motor controllers Engine controllers in automobiles Calculators Medical equipments Videogames Digital musical instruments, etc.

14

Digital Clock Line Follower Robot Wall Follower Robot Edge avoiding Robot Visitor Counter Temperature Controlled Fan Keypad Operated Robot Mobile Controlled Robot Digital Piano Remote controlled wireless robot Mobile controlled A.C. Devices Message scrolling on LCD High Temperature alarm PC Controlled Robot Automatic AC controlled Devices

15

Thank you