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3-1
Critical path: The chain of critical activities for the project .The longest path through the network Dummy activity :An activity that consumes no time but shows precedence among activities Earliest finish (EF): The earliest that an activity can finish from the beginning of the project Earliest start ( ES): The earliest that an activity can start from the beginning of the project
3-3
Event :A beginning , a completion point ,or a milestone accomplishment within the project . An activity begins and ends with events Latest finish (LF) : The latest that an activity can finish from the beginning of the project Latest start (LS) :The latest that an activity can start from the beginning of the project Most likely time ( t m) : The time for completing the activity that is is the consensus best estimate, used in PERT
3-4
Optimistic Time (to): The time for completing an activity if all goes well : used in PERT Pessimistic Time (tp): The time for completing an activity if bad luck is encountered : used in PERT Predecessor activity : An activity that must occur before another activity . Slack : The amount of time that an activity or group of activities can slip without causing a delay in the completion of the project Successor activity : An activity that must occur after another activity
3-5
2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458
Conventions used in drawing network diagrams (Arrows & Circles ) Activity on Arrow (AOA) : The activities are denoted by
Arrows and events are denoted by circles Activity on Node(AON) : Activities are denoted by circles(or nodes) and the precedence relation ships between activities are indicated by arrows
3-6
PERT / CPM
Network planning methods that generate:
Relationship between activities Project duration Critical path Slack for non critical activities Crashing (cost / time trade-offs) Resource usage
3-7
A-I-K 36 A-F-K 31 Critical Immediate Completion Time A-C-G-J-K 70 Path I Activity Description Predecessor(s) B-D-H-J-K 72 15 B-E-J-K 46 A Select administrative and medical staff. B Select site site survey. A and do F K 10 9 C Select 12 equipment. A D Prepare final construction plans and layout. B E Bring utilities to the site. G B C Start Finish F Interview applicants positions in nursing, 10 and fill 35 support staff, maintenance, and security. A G Purchase C B and take Ddelivery of H equipment. J 9 the hospital. 10 40 4 H Construct D I Develop an information system. A J Install the equipment. E,G,H E K Train nurses and 24 support staff. F,I,J
3-11
2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458
Path
Critical Path
The longest path in the network Defines the shortest time project can be completed Critical path activity delay project delay
3-12
ES
LS
EF
LF
EF is earliest finish
EF = ES + Activity time Activity Duration
3-13
Start
10
Finish
B
9
D 10 E 24
3-14
15
12 F 22
12
10
12 C 22
9
22 G 57
Start
Critical path
0 B 9
10
9 D 19
35
19 H 59 59 J 63
Finish
10
9 E 33
40
24
3-15
2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458
ES
EF
LS is latest start
LS = LF Activity time
LS
3-16
Activity Duration
LF
15
A 12 12
14
12 F 22 53 63
10
Start
Critical path
0 0
12 C 22 14 24
10
22 G 57 24 59
35
Finish
B 9 9
9
9 D 19 9 19
10
19 H 59 19 59
40
59 J 63 59 63
9 E 33 35 59
24
3-17
15
12 F 22 53 63
10
12 C 22 14 24
22 G 57 24 59
35
Finish
or
0 0
path
B 9
9 D 19 9 19 19 H 59 19 59 59 J 63 59 63
SlackK = 72 9 9 72 = 010
40
9 E 33 35 59
24
3-18
LS
12 I 27 48Slack 63
15
0 0
2 0 12 F 22 53 2 63 10 0 26 41 12 C 22 14 2 24 10 0 36 0 19 9 D 9 0 19
10
22 G 57 24 59
35
Finish
19 H 59 19 59
40
59 J 63 59 63
9 E 33 35 59
Activity Slack
How much would we like to reduce the time for activity B?
B 25
25 35 25 10 35 5 20 10 15 25
5 0 5 0 5 5
5 20 25
Start
Finish
3-20
Expected project time: T = sum of critical path activity times, t Project variance: V = sum of critical path activity variances
3-21
2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458
3-22
3-23
Crash cost
Activity B
Normal cost
4000
3000 0 | 5 | 6 | 7 8 | 9 | 10 | 11
Crash time
3-24
Normal time