Units & Dimensions

110 mg of sodium 5 litre of gasoline 6 metre

Value
110 5 6

Unit
mg litre metre

Dimension
mass volume length

Conversion of Units
To convert a quantity inits terms of one unit to 2 to 2 Convert 23 Ib .ft/min equivalent in kg.cm/s m an equivalent in new units 1. Convert one unit to an equivalent new unit Multiply by a conversion factor (a ratio of 2. Multiplyquantities) by a conversion factor equivalent 4. Units & values raised 3.2808 ft to same power
1m 3. Old units cancel out
2

1 min 23 Old Ibm .ft 0.454 kg out units cancel

min2 1 Ibm

30.48 cm 1 ft

0.088 kg.cm s2

60 s

Conversion Factors
Mass Length Volume 1 kg = 1000g = 0.001 metric ton = 2.20462 Ibm =35.27392 oz 1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 39.37 in = 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd = 0.0006214 mile 1 m3 = 1000 liters =106 cm3 = 35.3145 ft3 = 220.83 imperial gallons = 264.17 gal 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2 = 105 dynes = 105 g.cm/s2 = 0.22481 Ibf

Force

Pressure 1 atm = 1.01325 x 105 N/m2(Pa) = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bars = 760 mm Hg at 0oC = 14.696 Ibf/in2 (psi) Energy Power 1 J = 1 N.m = 2.778 x 10-7 kW.h = 0.23901 cal = 107 dyne.cm 1 W = 1 J/s = 0.23901 cal/s = 9.486 x 10-4 Btu/s = 0.7376 ft. Ibf/s = 1.341 x 10-3 hp

Group Assignments
Convert
(a) 1 cm/s2 to km/y2

(b)
(c)

26.7 cm4/min2.g to m4/day2.kg

57.5 Ibm/ft3 to kg/m3

(d)

120 hp to kJ/min

Systems of Units
SI (Systeme Internationale dUnites) cgs Engineering (American, English, fps)
Systems Base units SI Multiples Derived N,Pa,J,W kg,m,s,K,A powers of 10 - k,c,m

cgs
Eng.

g,cm

same as SI

dyne, erg

Ibm,ft,s,R yds,inches,miles,tons Ibf,gal,psi,BTU

Mass, Force and Weight

Newtons 2nd law of Motion
Force = mass x acceleration

Weight Units of force:

kg.m/s2 = Newton(N) g.cm/s2 = 1 dyne The force exerted on the object by Ibm .ft/s2 = 1 Ibf gravitational attraction,g

mg W= gc 2 2 2 lb .ft/s m kg.m/s g.cm/s gc = a constant = 1 =1 = 32.174 lbf N dyne g (at sea level & 45o latitude) = acceleration of gravity = 9.8066 m/s2 = 980.66 cm/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2

Group Assignments
Calculate the weight in
(a) Ibf of a 10 Ibm object

(b)
(c)

N of a 10 kg object
Ibf of a 4539 g object

(d)

N of a column of mercury (3mm in diameter and 72 cm high (density = 13.6 g/cm3).

Process
Any operation or series of operations that causes a physical or chemical change in a substance or mixture of substances
Steam 3160C

90 % H2 S

BOILER
3990C

Air
1st CONVERTER

Feedwater

Steam Fuel gas or H2S Air 260oC

121oC Steam 121oC

Water

288oC

Sulfur Feedwater
SULFUR CONDENSER

149oC REHEATER 2ND CONVERTER

Fig 1.0 Clauss process for sulfur recovery from H2S

SULFUR SCRUBBER

SULFUR CIRCULATING PUMP

Process Unit
An apparatus in which one of the operation that constitute a process is carried out. Each process unit has a set of input and output process stream
Output or product

Input or feed

Process Variables
Properties and conditions of the materials that enter and leave each process unit Examples: Mass, volume and density Flow rate

Chemical composition
Concentration Pressure Temperature

Mass and Volume

Density, = mass, m (kg) volume, V (m3) Specific volume = volume, V (m3) mass, m (kg) Specific = density of a substance gravity, SG density of a reference substance = / ref
Ref. substance = water at 4oC = 1.0 g/cm3 1000 kg/m3 62.43 Ibm/ft3

Mass, Volume and Density Calculate the density of mercury (specific gravity at 20oC = 12.546) in Ibm/ft3 and calculate the volume in ft3 occupied by 215g of mercury. Solution:

Specific gravity = 12.546 = / ref =

62.43 Ibm/ft3

Hg = 13.536 (62.43 Ibm/ft3) = 845.7 Ibm/ft3 215 kg 1 Ibm 1 ft3 = 0.560 ft3

V=

0.454 kg 845.7 Ibm

Group Assignments
A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.50. What is (a) its density in g/cm3 and in Ibm/ft3? (b)
(c)

its specific volume in cm3/g?

the mass of 3.0 cm3 of this liquid?

(d)

the volume occupied by 18 g of this liquid?

Flow Rate
rate at which material is transported through a process line Mass flow rate = mass (kg) time (s)

Volumetric flow rate = volume (m3) time (s) = m V can be used to convert a known flow rate of a process stream to the mass flow rate of that stream or vice versa

Flow Rate The specific gravity of nitrobenzene is 1.20. Calculate the volumetric flow rate in ml/min corresponding to a mass flow rate of 30 Ibm/h nitrobenzene. Solution:

Specific gravity = 1.20 = / ref =

62.43 Ibm/ft3

Hg = 1.20 (62.43 Ibm/ft3) = 74.916 Ibm/ft3

30 Ibm Mass flow rate = h

1h ft3 106 ml 60 min 74.916 Ibm 35.3145 ft3

= 188.99 ml/min

Moles & Molecular Weight

Molecular weight, M sum of all the atomic weights of its atoms Mol amount of a species whose mass (g) equivalent to its molecular weight
1 mol O2 = 32 g 1 kmol O2 = 32 kg 1 Ib-mole O2 = 32 Ibm MO2 = 2(16) = 32

If the molecular weight of a substance is M, then there are M kg/kmol,M g/mol, and M Ibm/Ib-mole of this substance

Moles & Molecular Weight Example (a) For ammonia,NH3, 1 mol NH3 contains 17g (M=17) Therefore, 34 kg NH3 = 34 kg NH3 1 kmol NH3 17 kg NH3 = 2 kmol NH3 (b) If 4 Ib-moles of NH3/h flows through a pipeline, the mass flow rate of NH3 is 4 Ib-moles NH3 17 Ibm NH3 = 68 Ibm NH3/h h 1 Ib-mole NH3

Group Assignments
How many of each of the following are contained in 100 g of CO2 (M = 44.01)? (a) mol CO2

(b)
(c)

Ib-moles CO2
mol O

(d)

mol O2

Composition
Composition fractions : Mass fraction, xA = mass of A (kg A) total mass (kg total)

Mass fraction, yA = moles of A (moles A) total moles (moles total)

x = y

=1

all components

all components

Conversion of Mass Fractions to Mole Fractions (or vice versa)

1 2 3 4

Assume a basis of calculation

Calculate the mass of each component in the basis quantity

Convert these masses to moles

Take the ratio of the moles of each component to the total number of moles

Conversion from % mass to % mole

A mixture of gases has the following composition by mass : O2 CO CO2 N2 16% 4.0% 17% 63%

What is the molar composition ?

Solution:
Basis : 100 g of the mixture For O2, amount of moles, nO2 =

Step 4 1 & 3 2
Molar fraction Assume Amount of a moles basis of calculation each components component in 100g of the mixture
mol O2 = mol total mol CO = yCO = mol total mol CO2 = yCO2 = mol total mol N2 = yN2 = mol total

100 g total 0.16 g O2 1 mol O2 g total 32 g O2 = 0.5 mol O2 O2

CO
nCO = nCO2 = nN2 =

nO2 = 0.5 mol

(100)(0.04) = 0.143 mol 28 (100)(0.17) = 0.386 mol 44 (100)(0.63) = 2.250 mol 28 Total moles = 3.279 mol

yO2 =

CO2
N2

0.5 = 0.15 3.279 0.143 = 0.044 3.279 0.386 = 0.12 3.279 2.25 = 0.69 3.279

Check : yi = 1.00

Average molecular weight of a mixture

Mole fractions, M = y1M1 + y2M2 + Mass fractions, 1 / M = (x1 / M1) + (x2 / M2) +

Average Molecular Weight of Air

Calculate the average molecular weight of air from its approximate 1. molar composition of 79% N2, and 21% O2 2. mass composition of 76.7% N2, and 23.3% O2

Solution:
Given :
yN2 = 0.79, yO2 = 0.21 xN2 = 0.767, xO2 = 0.233

1. M = yN2MN2 + yO2MO2
0.79 kmol N2 28 kg N2 0.21 kmol O2 32 kg O2 = kmol kmol N2 + kmol kmol O2 = 29 kg / kmol

2. 1 / M = (x1 / M1) + (x2 / M2)

0.767 g N2 mol N2 0.233 g O2 mol O2 = g 28 g N2 + g 32 g O2 = 0.035 mol / g

Group Assignments
1. An industrial-strength drain cleaner contains 5.0 kg of water and 5.0 kg of NaOH. What are the mass fraction and mole fraction of each component in the drain cleaner container? 2. A gas has the following molar composition: CH4 80% C2H4 10% C2H6 10% What is the average molecular weight of the mixture? What is the mass fraction of each of the components in the mixture? 3. A mixture of gases contains equimolar amounts of ethylene, ethane, and propane. Calculate the mass fractions of the components in the mixture and the average molecular weight? 4. A gas contains 28 mole% CO, 17 mole % CO2 and 55 mole % CH4 . Determine the mass fractionf of CO, CO2 and CH4 in the gas.

Concentration
Concentrations are based on volume

Can be used to convert mass or mass flow rates (moles or molar flow rates) to total volume or volumetric flow rates
Mass concentration = mass kg volume m3

Molar concentration = moles kmol volume m3

Molarity - concentration calculated in terms of mol/liter

Conversion Between Mass, Molar & Volumetric Flow Rates of a Solution

A 0.02-molar solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH. (1) 5 liters of this solution contains ? mol

5 liters 0.02 mol NaOH liter

= 0.1 mol NaOH

(2) If a stream of this solution flows at a rate of 2 liters/min, the molar flow rate of NaOH is 2 liters 0.02 mol NaOH = 0.04 mol NaOH/min min liter

Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure =pressure, force, Patm. F N the hydrostatic area pressure the forceon acts, the A surface m2 of the earth at sea level = 1 atm = 2) Po (N/m 14.696 psi = 760mm Hg = 101.325 kPa Gauge pressure, Pgauge Fluid density pressure relative to atmospheric pressure Absolute pressure, Pabs. relative to a perfect P vacuum is given = Po + which (g / g c) h a pressure of zero Pabs. = Pgauge + Patm.
P(mm Hg) = Po(mm Hg) + h (mm Hg)
h (m) P (N/m2) (kg/m3) A (m2)

Temperature
Absolute The degree temperature of hotness scales or coldness is scales of that a substance began at absolute measured zero on some definite scale Conversion between temperature units Fahrenheit Kelvin (K) (oF)

0K = -273.15oC 0oC = 273.15 K Most common o T(K) = T( C) + 273.15 temperature scales o o oF = 459.67oR oo o 0 RT( = -459.67 FoF) +0459.67 Rankine Celsius (( C) R) R) = T(

T(oR) = 1.8 T(K) T(oF) = 1.8 T(oC) + 32

Process Classification

Process Classification Batch Process Continuous Process Semibatch Process

Batch Process
Feed is charged into the system at the begining of the process and product is removed all at once at sometime later

Continuous Process
Input and outputs flow continuously throughout the duration of the process

Semibatch Process
Any process continuous that is neither batch nor

Material Balances
Law of Conservation of Mass : Mass can neither be created nor destroyed (except in nuclear reactions) General balance equation:
Input + Generation Output Consumption = Accumulation

enter thru system boundaries

Produced within system

leaves thru system boundaries

consumed within system

Buildup within system

Balance on Non-reactive System

Continous Steady-State Processes: Material balance is simply
Input = Output

Balance on Reactive System

Balance on a reactive substance does not have the simple form input = output, but must include a generation or consumption term.

Input + Generation = Output + Consumption

Calculation Procedure for Material Balance Calculations

1. Draw flowchart with known values
2.
400 mol/h Label all 0.21 mol O2unknowns /mol 0.79 mol N2/mol Q mol/h 400 mol/h oC, P = 1.4 atm T = 320 Choose a basis 0.21 x mol mol O2O /mol 2/mol 0.79 1 - x molgiven N2 2/mol flow rate eg. mol/hwith feeda Or Use assume an amount of 400 a stream o T = 320 C, Pmaterial = 1.4 atm Write the known composition e.g. Qbalances = 100 mol/h feed 400 mol/h Q mol/h 0.21 mol O2/mol Solve 0.21problems mol O2/mol for unknowns 0.79 mol N 2/mol 0.79 mol N /mol oC, 2 P = 1.4 atm Tanswer = 320 o Check using redundant material balance T = 320 C, P = 1.4 atm

3.
4.

5.

Continous Distillation Process

1000 kg/hr of mixture benzene (B) and toluene (T) that contains 50% benzene by mass are separated by distillation into two fractions. The mass flow rate of benzene in the top stream is 450 kg B/hr and the toluene in the bottom stream is 475 kg T/hr. The operation is at steady state. Calculate the unknown component flow rate in the output streams.

Solution :

Step 2 1
Label chart Flow unknown with known values variables

450 kg B/h
1000 kg/hr of mixture contains 50% benzene

q1 kg T/h

1000 kg/h 0.5 kg B/kg 0.5 kg T/kg 475 kg T/h q2 kg B/h

3 4 Step 5
Basis of Material Solve unknowns Calculation Balance

Basis: 1000 kg/h feed

Input = Output

450 kg B/h q1 kg T/h

1000 kg/h 0.500 kg B/kg 0.500 kg T/kg

Benzene balance:
0.5(1000) kg B/h = 450 kg B/h + q2
q2 = 50kg B/h

Toluene balance:
475 kg T/h q2 kg B/h

0.5(1000) kg T/h = 475 kg T/h + q1 q1 = 25kg T/h

Checking: Total Mass Balance: 1000kg/h = (450 +q1 + q2+475) kg/h 1000kg/h = 1000 kg/h

Batch Mixing Process

Two methanol-water mixtures are contained in separate flasks. The first mixture contains 40 wt. % methanol, and the second contains 70 wt. % methanol. If 200 g of the first mixture are combined with 150 g of the second, what are the mass and Step 1 composition of the product? Step 2 Label unknown Flow chart with Solution: variables known values 200 g 0.4 g CH3OH/g 0.6 g H2O/g 150 g 0.7 g CH3OH/g 0.3 g H2O/g

Qg x g CH3OH/g (1-x) g H2O/g

200 g 0.4 g CH3OH/g 0.6 g H2O/g

150 g 0.7 g CH3OH/g 0.3 g H2O/g Total Mass balance: 200 g + 150 g =Qg

3 4 Step 5
Basis of Material Solve unknowns Calculation Balance Qg x g CH3OH/g (1-x) g H2O/g Basis: Given feed flow rates Input = Output

Q = 350 g
Methanol balance: 200 g 0.4 g CH3OH 150g 0.7 g CH3OH + g g = 350 g x g CH3OH g x = 0.529 g CH3OH/g

Group Assignments
1. 1000 kg of a mixture of 10 wt. % ethanol and 90 wt. % water are distilled in a column. The weight of the distillate which contains 60 wt. % water is 1/10 of the feed. Calculate the composition of the bottoms and the mass of the alcohol in the bottoms.

2. An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide contains 20 wt. % NaOH. It is desired to produce an 8 wt. % NaOH solution by diluting a stream of the 20 wt. % solution with a stream of pure water. Determine the feed rates of the 20 wt. % solution and diluting water needed to produce 2310 Ibm/min of the 8 wt. % solution.

Group Assignments
3. Following is a labeled flowchart of an extraction process in which a solute (A) is transferred from one solvent (S) to another (T) in which it is more soluble.
W g T/min 400 g/min 0.1 g A/g 0.9 g S/g Q g/min 0.02 g A/g R g/min 0.98 g S/g 0.2 g A/g 0.8 g T/g

4. 2000 kg/h of a mixture containing 45 wt. % benzene (B) and 55 wt. % toluene (T) is fed to a distillation column. An overhead product stream of 95 wt. % B is produced and 8 % of the benzene fed to the column leaves in the bottom stream. Determine the overhead flow rate and the mass flow rates of benzene and toluene in the bottom stream.

Multiple-unit Processes
Material Most processes balances consists (boundaries) of a number can be written of interconnected around any unit subsystem processes. of the plant. Material balances can also be written for mixing points or splitters.

Feed 2
C Feed 1 B E D Unit 1 Unit 2

A Product 3

Product 1 Product 2 Feed 3

A Entire process B mixing point C Process unit 1 D Splitter point E Process unit 2

Two-Unit Distillation Process

A labeled flowchart of a continous steady-state two-unit distillation process is shown below. Each stream contains two components, A and B, in different proportions. Three streams whose flow rates and/or compositions are not known are labeled 1, 2, and 3. Calculate the unknown flow rates and compositions of streams 1, 2 and 3.
40 kg/h 0.900 kg A/kg 0.100 kg B/kg 30 kg/h 0.600 kg A/kg 0.400 kg B/kg

100 kg/h
0.5 kg A/kg 0.5 kg B/kg
Unit 1

Unit 2

0.300 kg A/kg 30 kg/h 0.700 kg B/kg

Solution:
40 kg/h 0.900 kg A/kg 0.100 kg B/kg 30 kg/h 0.600 kg A/kg 0.400 kg B/kg

100 kg/h 0.5 kg A/kg 0.5 kg B/kg

Unit 1

1 Q1(kg/h)
x1(kg A/kg) 1x1(kg B/kg) 30 kg/h

2 Q2(kg/h)
x2(kg A/kg) 1x2(kg B/kg) 0.300 kg A/kg 0.700 kg B/kg

Unit 2

3 Q3(kg/h)
x3(kg A/kg) 1x3(kg B/kg)

Basis : Given flow rates Steady-state without reaction : Input = Output

40 kg/h 0.900 kg A/kg 0.100 kg B/kg

30 kg/h 0.600 kg A/kg 0.400 kg B/kg

100 kg/h

Q1(kg/h)
Unit 1

Q2(kg/h)

Q3(kg/h)
Unit 2

0.5 kg A/kg 0.5 kg B/kg

x1(kg A/kg) 1x1(kg B/kg)

x2(kg A/kg) 1x2(kg B/kg)

x3(kg A/kg) 1x3(kg B/kg)

0.300 kg A/kg 30 kg/h 0.700 kg B/kg

Entire process

Overall Mass Balance :

(100 + 30) = (40 + 30) + Q3 Q3 = 60 kg/h

Overall Balance on A :
0.5(100) + 0.3(30) = 0.9(40) + 0.6(30) + x3(60) x3 = 0.0833 kg A/kg

40 kg/h 0.900 kg A/kg 0.100 kg B/kg 100 kg/h Q1(kg/h)

Unit 1

30 kg/h 0.600 kg A/kg 0.400 kg B/kg

Q2(kg/h)

60 kg/h
Unit 2

0.5 kg A/kg 0.5 kg B/kg

x1(kg A/kg) 1x1(kg B/kg)

30 kg/h

x2(kg A/kg) 1x2(kg B/kg)

0.300 kg A/kg 0.700 kg B/kg

0.0833 kg A/kg 0.9167 kg B/kg

Unit 1

Total Mass Balance :

100 kg/h = 40 kg/h + Q1 Q1 = 60 kg/h

Mass Balance on A :
0.5(100) = 0.9(40) + x1(60) x1 = 0.233 kg A/kg

40 kg/h 0.900 kg A/kg 0.100 kg B/kg

100 kg/h 0.5 kg A/kg 0.5 kg B/kg
Unit 1

30 kg/h 0.600 kg A/kg 0.400 kg B/kg

60 kg/h 0.233 kg A/kg 0.767 kg B/kg

Q2 (kg/h)

60 kg/h
Unit 2

x2 (kg A/kg) 1x2(kg B/kg)

0.0833 kg A/kg 1x3(kg B/kg)

0.300 kg A/kg 30 kg/h 0.700 kg B/kg

Stream Mixing Point

Total Mass Balance :

60 + 30 = Q2 Q2 = 90 kg/h

Mass Balance on A :
0.233(60) + 0.3(30) = x2(90) x2 = 0.255 kg A/kg

Group Assignments
A liquid mixture containing 30 mole % benzene, 25 mole % toluene and 45 mole % xylene is fed at a rate of 1275 kmol/h to a distillation unit consisting of two columns. The bottoms product from the first column is to contain 99 mole % xylene and no benzene, and 98% of the xylene in the feed is to be recovered in this stream. The overhead product from the first column is fed to a second column. The overhead product from the second column contains 99 mole % benzene and no xylene. The benzene recovered in this stream represents 96% of the benzene in the feed to this column. Calculate the molar flow rates (kmol/h) and component mole fractions in each product stream from both columns.

FLOW CHART FOR GROUP ASSIGNMENT

Q3 kmol/h 0.99 kmol B/kmol 0.01 kmol T/kmol

1275 kmol/h 0.3 kmol B/kmol 0.25 kmol T/kmol 0.45 kmol X/kmol

Q2 kmol/h xB kmol B/kmol xT kmol T/kmol (1-xB-xT) kmol X/kmol

Q1 kmol/h 0.99 kmol X/kmol 0.01 kmol T/kmol

Q4 kmol/h yB kmol B/kmol yT kmol T/kmol (1-yB-yT) kmol X/kmol

Recycle & Purge

Purge Recycleis is a stream stream that bled returns off to material remove from an accumulation downstream of of a inerts process or unwanted unit backmaterial to the that process might unit otherwise (or to a unit build upstream up in ofthe the unit). recycle stream
Recycle Recycle R Divider Purge

Feed Mixer Process

Sepa- Product rator

Bypass
A stream that skips one or more stages of the process and goes directly to another downstream stage. Here a fraction of the feed to a process unit is diverted around the unit and combined with the output stream from the unit.
Feed Process Unit Bypass stream Product

Recycle in Distillation Column

A distillation column separates 10,000 kg/hr of a 50% benzene (B) 50% toulene (T) mixture. The product D recovered from the condenser at the top of the column contains 95% benzene, and the bottom W from the column contains 96% toulene. The vapour stream V entering the condenser from the top of the column is 8000 kg/hr. A portion of the product from the condenser is returned to the column as reflux, and the rest is withdrawn for use elsewhere. Assume that the compositions of the streams at the top of the column (V), the product withdrawn (D) and the reflux (R) are identical because the V stream is condensed completely. Find the ratio of the amount refluxed R to the product withdrawn (D).

Solution:
Basis : 10,000 kg/h of feed
V = 8000 kg/h
0.95 kg B/kg 0.05 kg T/kg R F = 10000 kg/h 0.5 kg B/kg 0.5 kg T/kg D 0.95 kg B/kg 0.05 kg T/kg

0.95 kg B/kg 0.05 kg T/kg

W 0.04 kg B/kg 0.96 kg T/kg

Basis : 10,000 kg/h of feed

V = 8000 kg/h 0.95 kg B/kg 0.05 kg T/kg F = 10000 kg/h 0.5 kg B/kg 0.5 kg T/kg D 0.95 kg B/kg 0.05 kg T/kg R 0.95 kg B/kg 0.05 kg T/kg W 0.04 kg B/kg 0.96 kg T/kg

Entire process

Overall Mass Balance:

10000 kg/h = (D + W) kg/h

Overall Mass Balance on B:

0.5(10000) kg/h = 0.95D + 0.04W

Solving simultaneously,

D = 5050 kg/h W = 4950 kg/h

V = 8000 kg/h 0.95 kg B/kg 0.05 kg T/kg F = 10000 kg/h 0.5 kg B/kg 0.5 kg T/kg R 0.95 kg B/kg 0.05 kg T/kg

D = 5050 kg/h 0.95 kg B/kg 0.05 kg T/kg

W = 4950 kg/h 0.04 kg B/kg 0.96 kg T/kg

Condenser

Total Material Balance:

8000 kg/h = (R + 5050) kg/h
R = 2950 kg/h Hence, R/D = 2950/5050 = 0.58

Group Assignments
A labeled flow chart for a closed-loop system is as shown below. What is the flow rate of the recycle stream R?
R kg/h 0.286 kg V/kg 0.714 kg H2O/kg

98 kg/h 0.2 kg V/kg CENTRIFUGE 0.8 kg H2O/kg

CONTINOUS FILTER P kg/h 0.04 kg H2O /kg 0.96 kg V/kg

W kg/h 100% H2O

C kg/h 0.6 kg V/kg 0.4 kg H2O/kg