MS101: Physics

Dr. Ahmed Amin Hussein

ahussein32125@gmail.com
2013-2014
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 1
Chapter 3

Acceleration and Newtons Second Law of Motion
29 April 2014 2 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
Position & Displacement
Velocity
Newtons Second Law of Motion
Applying Newtons Second Law
Relative Velocity
3.1 Position & Displacement
29 April 2014 3 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
The position (r) of an object describes its location relative
to some origin or other reference point.
The displacement is the change in an objects position. It
depends only on the beginning and ending positions.
i f
r r r = A
Example
29 April 2014 4 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
Margaret walks to the store using the following path: 0.500
miles west, 0.200 miles north, 0.300 miles east. What is her
total displacement? Give the magnitude and direction.
x
y
r
3

r
2

r
1

Ar
Take north to be in
the +y direction and
east to be along +x.
Example continued
29 April 2014 5 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
The displacement is Ar = r
f
r
i
. The initial position is the origin;
what is r
f
?
The final position will be r
f
= r
1
+ r
2
+ r
3
. The components are r
fx
=
r
1
+ r
3
= 0.2 miles and r
fy
= +r
2
= +0.2 miles.
miles 283 . 0
2 2
= A + A = A
y x
r r r
= =
A
A
= 45 and 1 tan u u
x
y
r
r
Using the figure, the magnitude and
direction of the displacement are
x
y
Ar
Ar
y

Ar
x

u
N of W.
3.2 Velocity
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Velocity is a vector that measures how fast and in what
direction something moves.
Speed is the magnitude of the velocity. It is a scalar.
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Path of a
particle
Start
finish
Ar
v
av
is the constant speed that
results in the same displacement
in a given time interval.
trip of time
traveled distance
speed Average =
t A
A
= =
r
v
av
velocity Average |
.
|

\
|
A
A
=
t
x
v
x , av
: be would component - x The
29 April 2014 8 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
y
x
r
i

r
f

t A
A
=
r
v
av
Points in the direction of Ar
Ar
v
i

The instantaneous velocity
points tangent to the path.
v
f

A particle moves along the blue path as shown. At time t
1
its position is
r
i
and at time t
2
its position is r
f
.
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On a graph of position versus time, the average velocity is represented
by the slope of a chord.
x (m)
t (sec)
t
1
t
2

x
1

x
2

1 2
1 2
, av
velocity Average
t t
x x
v
x

= =
29 April 2014 10 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
t
t
A
A
= =
A
r
v
0
lim velocity ous Instantane
x (m)
t (sec)
This is represented by the slope of a line tangent to the curve on the
graph of an objects position versus time.
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The area under a velocity versus time graph (between the curve and the time
axis) gives the displacement in a given interval of time.
v(m/s)
t (sec)
Example
29 April 2014 12 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
Consider Margarets walk to the store in the example on slides 3 and 4. If
the first leg of her walk takes 10 minutes, the second takes 8 minutes, and
the third 7 minutes, compute her average velocity and average speed during
each leg and for the overall trip.
t A
A
= =
r
v
av
velocity Average
trip of time
traveled distance
speed Average =
Use the definitions:
Margaret walks to the store using
the following path: 0.500 miles
west, 0.200 miles north, 0.300
miles east.
29 April 2014 13 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
x
y
r
3

r
2

r
1

Ar

Leg
At
(hours)
v
av
(miles/hour)
Average
speed
(miles/hour)
1
(0.5 miles)
0.167
(10 mins)
3.00 (west) 3.00
2
(0.2 miles)
0.133
(8 mins)
1.50 (north) 1.50
3
(0.3 miles)
0.117
(7 mins)
2.56 (east) 2.56
Total trip 0.417
(25 mins)
0.679
(45 N of W)
2.40
miles 283 . 0
2 2
= A + A = A
y x
r r r
= =
A
A
= 45 and 1 tan u u
x
y
r
r
Example
29 April 2014 14 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
Speedometer readings are obtained and graphed as a car comes to a stop
along a straight-line path. How far does the car move between t = 0 and t
= 16 seconds?
Since there is not a reversal of
direction, the area between the
curve and the time axis will
represent the distance traveled.
The rectangular portion has an area
of Lw = (20 m/s)(4 s) = 80 m.
The triangular portion has an area of
bh = (8 s) (20 m/s) = 80 m.
Thus, the total area is 160 m. This is
the distance traveled by the car.
3.3 Newtons Second Law of Motion
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t A
A
= =
v
a
av
on accelerati Average
A nonzero acceleration changes an objects state of motion.
t
t
A
A
= =
A
v
a
0
lim on accelerati ous Instantane
These have
interpretations
similar to v
av
and v.
29 April 2014 16 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
y
x
v
i

r
i

r
f

v
f

Av
Points in the
direction of Av.
t A
A
=
v
a
av
The instantaneous acceleration can point in
any direction.
A particle moves along the blue path as shown. At time t
1
its position is r
i
and at
time t
2
its position is r
f
.
Example
29 April 2014 17 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
If a car traveling at 28 m/s is brought to a full stop 4.0 s after the brakes are
applied, find the average acceleration during braking.
2
av
m/s 0 . 7
s 0 . 4
m/s 28 0
=

=
A
A
=
t
v
a
Given: v
i
= +28 m/s, v
f
= 0 m/s, and At = 4.0 s.
Example
29 April 2014 18 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
At the beginning of a 3 hour trip you are traveling due north at 192 km/hour.
At the end, you are traveling 240 km/hour at 45 west of north.
(a) Draw the initial and final velocity vectors.
x (east)
y (north)
v
i

v
f

29 April 2014 19 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
(b) Find Av.
km/hr 3 . 22 45 cos
km/hr 170 0 45 sin
= + = = A
= = = A
i f iy fy y
f ix fx x
v v v v v
v v v v
The components are
km/hr 171
2 2
= A + A = A
y x
v v v
( ) = = =
A
A
=

5 . 7 1312 . 0 tan 1312 . 0 tan
1
|
x
y
v
v
South of west
29 April 2014 20 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
(c) What is a
av
during the trip?
t A
A
=
v
a
av
2
av,
2
av,
km/hr 43 . 7
hr 3
km/hr 3 . 22
km/hr 7 . 56
hr 3
km/hr 170
=

=
A
A
=
=

=
A
A
=
t
v
a
t
v
a
y
y
x
x
The magnitude and direction are:
= = = =
= + =

5 . 7 ) 1310 . 0 ( tan 1310 . 0 tan

km/hr 2 . 57
1
, av
, av
2 2
av,
2
av, av
| |
x
y
y x
a
a
a a a
South of west
Newtons 2nd Law
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The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the net force acting
on the body and inversely proportional to the bodys mass.
Mathematically:
a F
F
a m
m
= =
net
net
or
An objects mass is a measure of its inertia. The more mass, the more
force is required to obtain a given acceleration.

The net force is just the vector sum of all of the forces acting on the body,
often written as EF.

If a = 0, then EF = 0. This body can have:
Speed = 0 which is called static equilibrium, or
speed = 0, but constant, which is called dynamic equilibrium.



3.4 Applying Newtons Second Law
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a F m = E
Force units: 1 N = 1 kg m/s
2
.
Example
29 April 2014 23 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
Find the tension in the cord connecting the two blocks as shown. A force of 10.0
N is applied to the right on block 1. Assume a frictionless surface. The masses
are m
1
= 3.00 kg and m
2
= 1.00 kg.
F
block 2 block 1
Assume that the rope stays taut so that both blocks have the same
acceleration.
FBD for block 2:
T
F
w
1

N
1

x
y
x
T
w
2

N
2

y
FBD for block 1:
0
1 1
1
= =
= =

w N F
a m T F F
y
x
0
2 2
2
= =
= =

w N F
a m T F
y
x
Apply Newtons 2
nd
Law to each block:
a m T F
1
=
a m T
2
=
These two equations contain the unknowns: a
and T.
To solve for T, a must be eliminated. Solve for a in (2) and substitute in (1).
(1)
(2)
N 5 . 2
kg 1
kg 3
1
N 10
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
m
m
F
T
T
m
m
T
m
T
m F
m
T
m a m T F
Example continued:
TMA Exercises
29 April 2014 26 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
Problems :

Page # 7, 11, 17, 35, 49

Additional questions up to slide # 14

Chapter 3, Questions 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14