Chapter 09

Introductory Mathematics & Statistics
Chapter 9
Graphing
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Croucher, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics, 5e
9-1
Learning Objectives
Plot ordered pairs on a graph
Plot and interpret straight-line graphs

Solve simple simultaneous equations using graphs
Use simultaneous equations to solve problems in break-even analysis

Draw and interpret non-linear graphs (including turning points)
9-2
9.1 Introduction
One way of illustrating relationships that occur between variables is by means of a graph On other occasions we may be presented with information that is already in graphical form, and we need to interpret the graph An understanding of the basic ideas concerning graphs is invaluable to the interpretation of such displays
9-3
9.2 Plotting points

We often have a pair of observations that are matched, e.g. sales and year height and weight profit and sales exports and imports expenditure and income
These quantities are called ordered pairs of observations

The first member of the ordered pair is usually referred to as the x-coordinate and the second member as the y-coordinate The notation for an ordered pair of values x and y is (x, y)
9-4
9.2 Plotting points (cont..)

Ordered pairs of observations may be plotted onto a two-dimensional plane In this plane we draw two perpendicular lines (called coordinate axes)
The horizontal axis it called the x-axis The vertical axis is called the y-axis
The point of intersection of these axes is called the origin
On each of the axes there is a scale

9-5
9.2 Plotting points (cont..)

Figure 9.1: A coordinate axes system for two variables, x and y
9-6
9.3 Plotting a straight line

A linear equation is one that may be written in one of the following forms:
y bx a
or
y a bx
where a and b are constants
The constant b is called the slope or gradient of the line, because it represents the rate at which y changes with respect to x The constant a represents the y-intercept, that is the value of y where the line crosses the y-axis
9-7
9.3 Plotting a straight line (cont)

To draw a line, plot a minimum of two points that satisfy the equation and draw the straight line that passes through them The points on that line will then represent all points whose coordinates satisfy the equation of the line It is appropriate to write the equation of the line on the line itself
It does not matter which points on the line are plotted, as long as they satisfy the equation
9-8
9.3 Plotting a straight line (cont)

Example
Plot on a graph the line of the equation y = 2x + 3
Solution
x -value y -value 0 3 2 7 -2 -1 -4 -5
9-9
9.4 Solving simultaneous equations with the aid of a graph

Simultaneous equations may be solved by plotting each equation on the same diagram, then finding the coordinates of the point of intersection The x-coordinate and y-coordinate represent the solution to the equations When the two lines being plotted have the same slope, they are parallel and thus never intersect
In this case, the simultaneous equations have no solution

9-10
9.4 Solving simultaneous equations with the aid of a graph (cont)

Example
Plot the following equations
Solution
x -value y -value 3x + 4y = 33 -3 0 5 10.5 8.25 4.5
2x -3y = 5 -5 0 -5 -1.67
8 2.25
x -value y -value
4 1
10 5
9-11
9.5 Break-even analysis

In manufacturing situations, it is good to find the number of items where the income gained exactly equals the cost of manufacturing them This process is known as break-even analysis and is performed either by solving a pair of simultaneous equations or with the aid of a graph Consider the graphical solution; this process consists of drawing one line for costs and another line for income on the same diagram and finding their point of intersection
This point represents the break-even point
9-12
9.5 Break-even analysis (cont)

Costs
Costs can be classified as either fixed or variable Fixed costs are costs that are considered independent of the number of items produced, e.g. rent maintenance administration depreciation salaries telephone Variable costs are a function of the number produced, e.g. insurance labour materials
9-13

Total cost formula
Total cost variable cost fixed cost
or
C vx f
Where x = number of items manufactured v = variable cost to manufacture each item f = fixed cost of manufacture C = total cost
9-14

Income
Total income formula
I sx
Where S = income made from each item I = total income
There is no y-intercept term, so the line will pass through the origin
The total Profit (P) made will be
P IC
If the value of P is negative, it represents a loss
9-15

Example
A company manufactures an inexpensive model of scientific calculator. There is a weekly fixed cost of $500 for producing the calculators and a variable cost of $8 per calculator. The company receives an income of $12 for each calculator that it sells. (a) Find the total cost of manufacturing 80 calculators in a week (b) Find the income from selling 80 calculators (c) Find the profit (or loss) if the company manufactures and sells 80 calculators in a particular week (d) With the aid of a graph, find the point at which total cost is equal to income (the break-even point)
9-16

Solution
v $8, f $500, s $12
(a)
C vx j $8 80 $500 $1140
Hence, the total cost of manufacturing 80 calculators in a week is $1140.
(b)
I sx $12 80 $960
Hence, the income from selling 80 calculators is $960.
9-17

Solution (cont)
(c)
P IC $960 $1140 $180

Since this value of P is negative, this represents a loss to the company of $180
(d) Suppose x = the number of calculators sold in a week, then
C 8x 500 and I 12x

9-18

Solution (d) (cont)
Break-even is at the point of intersection, which is (125, 1500). Therefore, the break-even point of sales is 125 calculators per week, with the total cost and income each equaling $1500
9-19
9.6 Non-linear graphs and turning points

On some occasions we may be interested in graphs that are not straight lines Such graphs are called nonlinear and involve equations that have powers of the x-variable other than 1 Examples of equations
y x2 y 6 x2 y 2x 2 4 x 6 y x
To plot non-linear graphs, we can simply plot as many points as necessary until we obtain the general shape of the curve
9-20
9.6 Non-linear graphs and turning points (cont)

Example
Draw the graph that represents the equation
y 8 2x x 2
Solution
x -value y -value
0 8
0.5 8.75
1 9
1.5 8.75
2 8
2.5 6.75
3 5
3.5 2.75
4 0
9-21
Summary
We looked at plotting ordered pairs on a graph
We also plotted and interpreted straight-line graphs

We solved simple simultaneous equations using graphs
We used simultaneous equations to solve problems in break-even analysis

Lastly we drew and interpreted non-linear graphs (including turning points)
9-22

Chapter 09

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Introductory Mathematics & Statistics

Plot and interpret straight-line graphs

Use simultaneous equations to solve problems in break-even analysis

9.2 Plotting points

These quantities are called ordered pairs of observations

9.2 Plotting points (cont..)

The point of intersection of these axes is called the origin

On each of the axes there is a scale

9.2 Plotting points (cont..)

9.3 Plotting a straight line

where a and b are constants

9.3 Plotting a straight line (cont)

9.3 Plotting a straight line (cont)

9.4 Solving simultaneous equations with the aid of a graph

In this case, the simultaneous equations have no solution

9.4 Solving simultaneous equations with the aid of a graph (cont)

9.5 Break-even analysis

This point represents the break-even point

9.5 Break-even analysis (cont)

9.5 Break-even analysis (cont)

9.5 Break-even analysis (cont)

The total Profit (P) made will be

9.5 Break-even analysis (cont)

9.5 Break-even analysis (cont)

9.5 Break-even analysis (cont)

P IC $960 $1140 $180

(d) Suppose x = the number of calculators sold in a week, then

C 8x 500 and I 12x

9.5 Break-even analysis (cont)

9.6 Non-linear graphs and turning points

9.6 Non-linear graphs and turning points (cont)

We also plotted and interpreted straight-line graphs

We used simultaneous equations to solve problems in break-even analysis

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