Analog to Digital Converters (ADC)

Ben Lester, Mike Steele, Quinn Morrison

Topics

Introduction

Why? Types and Comparisons

Successive Approximation ADC example Applications ADC System in the CML-12C32 Microcontroller

Analog systems are typically what engineers need to analyze. ADCs are used to turn analog information into digital data.

Process

Sampling, Quantification, Encoding

Outpu Discrete t Voltage States Ranges (V) 0 1 2 3 4 5 0.00-1.25 1.25-2.50 2.50-3.75 3.75-5.00 5.00-6.25 6.25-7.50 Output 0 Binary Equivalent 000

1
2 3 4

001
010 011 100

5
6 7

101
110 111

6
7

7.50-8.75
8.75-10.0

Resolution, Accuracy, and Conversion time

Resolution Number of discrete values it can produce over the range of analog values; Q=R/N Accuracy Improved by increasing sampling rate and resolution. Time Based on number of steps required in the conversion process.

Comparing types of ADCs

Flash ADC Sigma-delta ADC Wilkinson ADC Integrating ADC Successive Approximation Converter

Flash ADC

Speed: High Cost: High Accuracy: Low

Sigma-delta ADC

Speed: Low Cost: Low Accuracy: High

Wilkinson ADC

Speed: High Cost: High Accuracy: High

Wilkinson Analog Digital Converter (ADC) circuit schematic diagram

Integrating ADC

Speed: Low Cost: Low Accuracy: High

Successive Approximation Converter

Speed: High Cost: High Accuracy: High but limited

Topics

Introduction

Why? Types and Comparisions

Successive Approximation ADC example Applications ADC System in the CML-12C32 Microcontroller

Successive Approximation ADC Example Mike Steele

Goal: Find digital value Vin

8-bit ADC
Vin = 7.65 Vfull scale = 10

Successive Approximation ADC Example

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits Compare to Vin Vin > Average MSB = 1 Vin < Average MSB = 0 Bit 7 (Vfull scale +0)/2 = 5 7.65 > 5 Bit 7 = 1

Vfull scale = 10, Vin = 7.65

Successive Approximation ADC Example

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits Compare to Vin Vin > Average MSB = 1 Vin < Average MSB = 0 Bit 6 (Vfull scale +5)/2 = 7.5 7.65 > 7.5 Bit 6 = 1

Vfull scale = 10, Vin = 7.65

Successive Approximation ADC Example

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits Compare to Vin Vin > Average MSB = 1 Vin < Average MSB = 0 Bit 5 (Vfull scale +7.5)/2 = 8.75 7.65 < 8.75 Bit 5 = 0

Vfull scale = 10, Vin = 7.65

Successive Approximation ADC Example

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits Compare to Vin Vin > Average MSB = 1 Vin < Average MSB = 0 Bit 4 (8.75+7.5)/2 8.125 7.65 < 8.125 Bit 4 = 0

Vin = 7.65

Successive Approximation ADC Example

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits Compare to Vin Vin > Average MSB = 1 Vin < Average MSB = 0 Bit 3 (8.125+7.5)/2 = 7.8125 7.65 < 7.8125 Bit 3 = 0

Vin = 7.65

Successive Approximation ADC Example

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits Compare to Vin Vin > Average MSB = 1 Vin < Average MSB = 0 Bit 2 (7.8125+7.5)/2 = 7.65625 7.65 < 7.65625 Bit 2 = 0

Vin = 7.65

Successive Approximation ADC Example

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits Compare to Vin Vin > Average MSB = 1 Vin < Average MSB = 0

Vin = 7.65

Bit 1 (7.65625+7.5)/2 = 7.578125 7.65 > 7.578125 Bit 1 = 1

Successive Approximation ADC Example

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits Compare to Vin Vin > Average MSB = 1 Vin < Average MSB = 0 Bit 0 (7.65625+7.578125)/2 = 7.6171875 7.65 > 7.6171875 Bit 0 = 1

Vin = 7.65

Successive Approximation ADC Example

110000112 = 19510 8-bits, 28 = 256 Digital Output 195/256 = 0.76171875 Analog Input 7.65/10 = 0.765
1 0.8

Vin = 7.65

Voltage

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Bit

Resolution (Vmax Vmin)/2n 10/256 = 0.039

ADC Applications
Measurements / Data Acquisition Control Systems PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) Sensor integration (Robotics) Cell Phones Video Devices Audio Devices

e*(t) 0010 0101 0011 1011 e t e* t Controller

u*(t)

1001 0010 1010 0101

t

ATD10B8C on MC9S12C32

Presented by

Quinn Morrison

MC9S12C32 Block Diagram

ATD 10B8C

ATD10B8C Block Diagram

ATD10B8C Key Features

Resolution

Conversion Time

8/10 bit (manually chosen)

7 usec, 10 bit

Successive Approximation ADC architecture 8-channel multiplexed inputs External trigger control Conversion modes

Single or continuous sampling Single or multiple channels

ATD10B8C Modes and Operations

Modes Stop Mode

All clocks halt; conversion aborts; minimum recovery delay Reduced MCU power; can resume Breakpoint for debugging an application

Wait Mode

Freeze Mode

Operations Setting up and Starting the A/D Conversion Aborting the A/D Conversion Resets Interrupts

ATD10B8C External Pins

There Are 12 External Pins

AN7 / ETRIG / PAD7

Analog input channel 7 External trigger for ADC General purpose digital I/O

AN6/PAD6 AN0/PAD0

Analog input General purpose digital I/O

VRH, VRL

High and low reference voltages for ADC

VDDA, VSSA

Power supplies for analog circuitry

ATD10B8C Registers

6 Control Registers ($0080 - $0085)

Configure general ADC operation

2 Status Registers ($0086, $008B)

General status information regarding ADC

2 Test Registers ($0088 - $0089)

Allows for analog conversion of internal states

16 Conversion Result Registers ($0090 - $009F)

Formatted results (2 bytes)

1 Digital Input Enable Register ($008D)

Convert channels to digital inputs

1 Digital Port Data Register ($008F)

Contains logic levels of digital input pins

ATD10B8C Control Register 2

ATD10B8C Control Register 3

ATD10B8C Control Register 4

ATD10B8C Control Register 5

ATD10B8C Single Channel Conversions

ATD10B8C Multi-channel Conversions

ATD10B8C Status Register 0

ATD10B8C Status Register 1

ATD10B8C Results Registers

ATD10B8C Results Registers

ATD10B8C ATD Input Enable Register

ATD10B8C Port Data Register

ATD10B8C Setting up the ADC

References
Dr. Ume, http://www.me.gatech.edu/mechatronics_course/ Maxim Integrated Products, AN1870, AN 1870, APP1870, Appnote1870, Appnote 1870 "An Introduction to Sigma Delta Converters." Die Homepage Der Familie Beis. 10 June 2008. Web. 27 Sept. 2010. <http://www.beis.de/Elektronik/DeltaSigma/SigmaDelta.html>.