Up until the late 1800s, there were just a few European colonies on the African coastline.

No Europeans had really explored the interior of what they called the Dark Continent.

Remember The White Mans Burden???

Which one do you think is more accurate?

Forms of Imperial Control

Management Methods
Indirect Control Direct Control

Characteristics -Local officials were used -Limited self-rule -Goal to develop future leaders -Govts based on European styles, but may have local rulers
Examples -British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma -U.S. colonies on Pacific

Characteristics -Foreign officials brought into rule - No self-rule -Goal assimilation---adopt the White Way -Govts institutions based only on European styles
Examples -French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam -German colonies such as

Forms of Imperialism
Direct military intervention total control of the country Protectorate - own govt. but guided by mother country Sphere of influence - imperialist hold exclusive economic interests But overall aim was to gain the most at the least expense

Forms of Colonial Control

Forms of Imperialism Colony Characteristics African Example Country governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland by France

Protectorate

Country with its own Niger River Delta by internal government Britain but under the control of an outside power Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Liberia by the United States

Sphere of Influence

Types of Control
Settlement Colonies: large groups of people from one country living together in a new place (Australia).
British convicts
The aborigines were of African descent. They were brutally treated and systematically murdered by the British settlers.

 Protectorates: the local ruler keeps their title, but the colonizers really control the area (Puerto Rico). A political unit that depends on another government for its protection

Protectorates

Spanish-American War of 1898 the U.S. gained the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

Dependent Colonies (Direct Rule or Indirect Rule)

Dependent Colonies:
Direct Rule: European officials ruled the natives Indirect Rule: Europeans left the local chiefs or kings in charge and ruled through them.

New Patterns of Government

European Governments controls everything

Direct Rule

Indirect Rule

European officials make decisions and native leaders enforce them

Forms of Imperialism Examples of Differences Between French and British

The French used their colonial officials to govern, spread French culture, and make territories overseas extensions of France The British focused strictly on administration and were less apt to convert colonial peoples to British ways The British often allowed local rulers to govern territories as their representatives

Direct Rule

Colonization under Direct Rule

Colonies featured administrative districts headed by European personnel who assumed responsibility for tax collection, labor and military recruitment, and the maintenance of law and order. Administrative boundaries intentionally cut across existing African political and ethnic boundaries in order to divide and weaken potentially powerful indigenous (native) groups.

Direct Rule
This was used commonly by France. Would have a governor-general in charge of the colony. Was to assimilate African subjects into French culture. Did not preserve native traditions. Africans were could run for office and even serve in French National Assembly in Paris Though this was rare

Difficulties Under Direct Rule

Constant shortage of European personnel
Ex. In French West Africa some thirty-six hundred Europeans tried to rule over an African population of more than nine million.

The combination of long distances and slow transport limited effective communication between regional authorities and officials in remote areas.
An inability to speak local languages and a limited understanding of local customs among European officials further undermined their effective administration.

Indirect Rule

Indirect Rule
Local rulers allowed to keep their authority and status in the new colonial setting Made access to regions natural resources easier Was cheaper because few officials had to be trained Affected the local culture less But some local elites resisted foreign conquest Was used by Great Britain

Indirect Rule
First implemented by Lord Lugard in Nigeria and used by the British in West Africa Consisted of keeping the African power structure and making it part of the colonial administration If there was no local power structure, then new tribes and chiefs were created. The local leaders had to follow the colonial rules in return for protection, salaries and gifts

Indirect Rule
The local leaders were responsible for collecting taxes, providing cheap labor, and reporting back to the governor or the colony The governor was an official appointed by the British government The intent of the British was not to destroy the African structure and culture, but to share skills and values

 A British colonial administrator Frederick D. Lugard was the driving force behind the doctrine of indirect rule, which the British employed in many of its African colonies. Lugard wrote The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa. In this he stressed the moral and financial advantages of exercising control over subject populations through indigenous (native) institutions.

Colonization under Indirect Rule

Frederick D. Lugard

Indirect Control
Lugard thought that by using tribal and customary laws Europeans could establish a strong foundation for colonial rule. Forms of indirect rule worked in regions where Africans had already established strong and highly organized states Often this plan was not effective, especially in the regions that were not well organized under the control of its colonial leaders.

Indirect Rule
British administrators made all the major decisions while local authorities just carried out the orders Kept the old African elite in power and provided few opportunities for ambitious and talented young Africans Sowed the seeds for class and tribal tensions of the 20th century

Indirect Company Rule

Was adopted in Northern and Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe and Zambia Was implemented by Cecil Rhodes In 1888, Rhodes set up his own private company, the British South Africa Company, after he acquired control of the gold and diamond resources in the area Between 1890 and 1923, Rhodes and his company set up a colonial administration using the British system of indirect rule In 1923, the company colony became self-governing The white settlers ran the administration free from British government control

Difficulties Under Indirect Rule

Many colonial leaders were confused by the complexity of tribal laws and boundaries and imposed their own idea of what they thought was tribal boundaries and tribal laws. This was done with little regard to the differences between tribes and these tribes were split up into what Europeans thought was acceptable boundaries. These colonial boundaries divided ethnic groups or grouped traditional enemies. Some groups were even given limited access to water in their newly drawn up lines of tribal territories.

Results of Indirect Rule

As a result of colonial rule with little regard to Africans tribal boundaries and practices many African nations today are fighting tribal wars Ex.(Rwandan genocide) and still having disputes over land for reasons such as ethnic dominance and control over natural resources.

Berlin Conference

 Diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) were discovered in South Africa. Berlin Conference (1884-85): 14 European nations agreed to lay down rules for the division of Africa. No African ruler was invited to this conference. Demand of Raw Materials: Africa was rich in mineral resources like copper and tin in the Congo and gold and diamonds in South Africa. Cash crop plantations for peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber were also developed.

The Division of Africa

Berlin Conference 1884

GOALS: to promote the three cs
Commerce Christianity civilization

Ensure Free trade Ensure free navigation on Niger River Agree to rules to divide up Africa

Also, there was the question of how to divvy up Africa in an orderly manner
Of course, no one asked the native Africans. Over time, warring tribes would be placed together Straight lines in Africa and the Middle East clearly indicate imperial meddling.

The Berlin Conference laid down certain rules--

A European power with holdings on the coast had prior rights Occupation must include administrators or troops Each power must give notice to the others of what territories it considered its own THE REAL SCRAMBLE BEGAN!

African Colonization
1884 Berlin Conference: European powers meet and agree on how to divide Africa into colonies.
Only Liberia and Ethiopia remain independent.

-British Official We have been engaged in drawing lines upon maps where no white mans foot has ever trod. We have been giving away mountains and rivers and lakes to each other, only hindered by the small impediment that we never knew exactly where the mountains and rivers were.

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

Another point of view?

 England, France, and Germany take the most territory. France takes most of the Sahel.

 1884-1885: Berlin Conference

Belgium* Britain France Germany Italy Portugal Spain Independent

*Recognized the International Association of the Congo (IAC) as sovereign government

Kevin P. Dincher 37

 1884-1885: Berlin Conference

Spheres of Influence
Region over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity

An international prohibition of the slave trade throughout their respected spheres

"International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs" (Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness)
Kevin P. Dincher 38

Europeans: Carving up a Continent

Who is missing from this picture???

British Colonies in Africa

Why would the British have the largest empire? Industrial demands, need for navy

Suez Canal
1869, Suez Canal influenced Britains interest in Egypt Canal linked Mediterranean with Red Sea, shortened trip from Europe to Indian Ocean; no need to sail around southern tip of Africa 1882, Egyptian government appeared unstable; British occupied Egypt to protect British interests in Suez Canal; later established partial control as protectorate to ensure British access to canal Division in Africa European nations competed aggressively for other territories 18841885, European leaders met in Berlin to divide African territory Tried to prevent conflict between European nations No Regard for Tradition Berlin Conferencefor European nation to claim new African territory, it had to prove it could control territory No attention paid to ethnic boundaries in dividing Africa

BRITISH IN NORTH AFRICA

Egypt in name ruled by Ottoman Turks, but largely independent European capital investments
Suez Canal opened in 1869
Built by the Egyptians and French Taken over by the British (1875)
British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli Bought shares in Suez Canal Company from Egypt Egypt was nearly bankrupt from the expense of building the Suez Canal British government became largest shareholder

EUROPEANS IN EGYPT
1870s with the Egyptian government bankrupt, the British and French took over financial control of the country
Egyptian monarchs (technically Ottoman viceroys) ruled as puppet leaders

1882 Egyptian nationalist rebellion

France withdrew its troops Great Britain left in control of Egypt
Lord Cromer introduced reforms

De facto British protectorate

Made official in 1914 Independence came in 1922

Suez Canal

BRITISH COLONIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)

Named for Cecil Rhodes North of Union of South Africa

Bechuanaland (now Botswana)

1885 became a British protectorate

Kenya
1888 became a British protectorate

BRITISH IN NORTHERN AFRICA

Sudan
Area south of Egypt Under Anglo-Egyptian control Cotton needed for British textile mills Entente Cordiale (1904)
Great Britain controlled Sudan France controlled Morocco

Cape-to-Cairo Railroad
Idea of Cecil Rhodes Would secure Great Britains dominance in Africa Never completed sections missing through modern Sudan and Uganda

Cape-to-Cairo Railway: Crossing over Victoria Falls

South Africa
Cecil Rhodes Kimberley Dr Jameson Jameson Raid, unsuccessful attempt to take over Boer regions. Boer War (1899-1902) British eventually won a war of attrition

Soon after that, the British got involved in the Boer WarThe Germans supported the Boers, while the British were ultimately victorious.

South Africa
By 1880 European nations only controlled 10% of Africa The British took the Dutch settlement of Cape Town after the Napoleonic Wars Boers - Dutch descendants moved northward to avoid the British. Vortrekkers - The Great Trek created two independent states: Orange Free State and Transvaal After 1853 the Boers proclaimed political independence and fought the British By 1880 British and Boer settlers controlled much of South Africa

Second Boer War

The Second Boer War was In 1899, the Boers end up taking up arms against the British. This is the first total war. The Boers use commando raids and guerilla tactics against the British. The British burn Boer farms and imprison women and children in concentration camps. The British finally won this war. In 1910 the Boer Republic joins the Union of South Africa.

Dead British soldiers lying in trenches after the Battle of Spion Kop, near Ladysmith, Natal

French and German Colonies in Africa

French and Germans

French West Africa West Africa, leader of Malinke peoples, Samory Tour, formed army to fight against French rule; fought for 15 years; proclaimed self king of Guinea 1898, French defeated Tour, ended resistance to French rule in West Africa German East Africa Africans called on gods, ancestors for spiritual guidance in resistance 1905, several African peoples united to rebel against Germans order to grow cotton for export to Germany Rebellion Put Down

To combat Germans, spiritual leader encouraged followers to sprinkle magic water over bodies to protect selves from German bullets; did not work
Rebellion quickly put down; Germans killed tens of thousands of Africans

FRENCH IN AFRICA
Algeria
1830 invasion 1831 annexation

Tunis
1881 controlled by France
Led Italy to join the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany

Morocco
1881 large part under French control 1905 and 1911 nearly sparked a European war between France and Germany
1906 Algeciras Conference Germany recognized French rights in Morocco 1911 Agadir Crisis Germany recognized French protectorate over Morocco in exchange for part of Frances territory in the Congo

French Colonies
By 1879, there are 150,000 French in Algeria so France takes control 1881---made Tunisia a protectorate 1912---made Morocco a protectorate By 1900, France had added the French West Africa to empire

FRENCH IN AFRICA
Madagascar
1896 controlled by France

Somaliland
1880s partly under French control

West Africa
Late 1800s largely under French control

Sudan
1898 met Britains area of control and nearly went to war Entente Cordiale settled British-French disputes in Africa

FRENCH IN AFRICA
By World War I 1914
France controlled 3,250,000 square miles in Africa
14 times the area of France

France ruled 30,000,000 Africans

75% of the population of France

GERMANS IN AFRICA
Togoland (now Togo and Ghana) Cameroons (now Cameroon and Nigeria) Southwest Africa (now Namibia) East Africa (now Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania)

Belgian Colonies in Africa

Pre-Colonial Congo
The Kingdom of Kongo According to Portuguese explorers the kingdom was a sophisticated and well run state, an imperial federation Known for advanced working in copper and iron Rich in ivory and rubber
Ne Vunda, Kongolese ambassador to the Vatican, 1608

Pre-Colonial Congo
Slavery
Slavery was part of the culture of the Congo Originally slaves were captured during warfare, were criminals, or were debtors who could earn back their freedom Eventually, Muslim slave traders began to sell their slaves to European traders for export to the Americas

Company Rule
The Congo Free State was the personal domain of King Leopold II of Belgium His rule is known as the most brutal of all colonial rulers He gave Belgian businesses free access to the Congo, who administered the colony and exploited the mineral and human resources The treatment of the Africans was so hard that when the Belgian government took control of the territory in 1908, it became known as the Belgian Congo However, the Belgian businesses still ruled the colony

Where the story begins

In 1872, Henry Stanley, an American journalist, ventured into the central region of Africa, known as the Congo, and located a lost British explorer named David Livingstone.

 The news of Stanleys successful venture became a sensation in Europe, and the King of Belgium, Leopold II, became instantly interested in the territory known as, The Congo.

 In particular, Leopold was drawn to Stanleys reports of rubber trees, ivory-tusked elephants, and gold-wearing natives.

The Congo Free State

Leopold sent the famous explorer of Africa, Henry Morton Stanley, to negotiate treaties with the natives. Native chiefs were offered trinkets or cloth if they would place an X on a document in foreign tongue.

The Congo
"I do not want to risk...losing a fine chance to secure for ourselves a slice of this magnificent African cake.--Leopold II

Belgian Congo

The Congo Free State

Use of river to gain access to ivory- and rubberrich interior made the Congo a coveted area for colonization. European nations negotiated and agreed to respect each others claims to African territory, Leopold made claim for Congo.
The Berlin Conference, 1884-1885

Leopold waged a skillful public relations campaign to promote his Congo Free State as an effort to stop the Arabs from running a slave trade in Africa. This, of course, was a ruse.
Slave raids such as this one carried out by the kingdom of Dahomey in return for European muskets and money provided Leopold II with his humanitarian excuse for going into the Congo.

Role of Stanley in Congo

Stanley began to sign treaties with over 450 native chiefs from the Congo As a result, Leopold gained rule of these lands given up by the chiefs In 1885, after the Berlin Conference, Leopold was given personal rule over the newly declared Congo Free State Leopold had what he wanted because other European powers recognized his hold over Congo

Chiefs of Ngombi & Mafela, in return for "one piece of cloth per month to each of the undersigned chiefs, besides present of cloth in hand," they promised to "freely of their own accord, for themselves and their heirs and successors for ever...give up to the said Association the sovereignty and all sovereign and governing rights to all their territories...and to assist by labour or otherwise, any works, improvements or expeditions which the said Association shall cause at any time to be carried out in any part of these territories....All roads and waterways running through this country, the right of collecting tolls on the same, and all game, fishing, mining and forest rights, are to be the absolute property of the said Association. --Treaty handing over land to Leopold II

KING LEOPOLD II OF BELGIUM (1835-1909)

Took over land in central Africa Berlin Conference (1885)
Leopolds control over Congo Free State recognized by major powers

Belgian Congo (1908)

Leopold criticized for the cruelty of his rule in the Congo Leopold forced to sell Congo Free State to Belgian government Renamed Belgian Congo

Created European race for African colonies Scramble for Africa

Diamonds, foodstuffs, gold, ivory, rubber

 European countries recognized Leopolds claim to the territory in 1885 because of:
Stanleys treaties for Leopold Leopolds assurances that he would end slavery Leopolds promise that the Congo would remain a free trade area.

The Congo Free State: Leopolds False Promises

The colony belonged to Leopold personally.

Leopold II
1885: Congo Free State
Leopold pledge to uphold Berlin Conference
Suppress East African slave trade Promote humanitarian policies Guarantee free trade within the colony Impose no import duties for 20 yrs. Encourage philanthropic and scientific enterprises

"I do not want to miss a good chance of getting us a slice of this magnificent African cake." King Leopold II 78 Kevin P. Dincher

Promises, Promises
Leopold promised the European nations at the conference that he would build a nation of free Congo states, like the United States, and end the slave trade.

In the early 1880s, King Leopold II of Belgium paid for expeditions to the the Congo in the center of the African continent. He claimed that, millions of men still plunged in barbarism will be at the dawn of a better era. But he really wanted the Congos natural resources: copper, rubber and ivory. He forced the locals to work for almost nothing and had them killed and tortured if they complained or disobeyed.

 Instead, Leopold began a 70 year plunder of the Congo of its rubber, ivory, gold, diamonds, copper, and tin. And, his Belgian forces enslaved Congolese peoples with regularity.

Leopold II
Exploitation of resources
Ivory, Rubber, Minerals

One of the greatest international scandals of the early 20th century

Forced/slave labor Starvation Disease Torture/mutilation

Directly and indirectly eliminated 20% of the population

10 to 13 million people
Kevin P. Dincher

A 1906 Punch cartoon depicting Leopold II as a rubber vine entangling a Congolese man

82

The Congo Free State :

The Profit Imperative

Leopold drove slave traders out and portrayed it as humanitarian act. Reality: he did it to gain control of region. Leopold paid his agents in the Congo a percentage of profits, encouraging them to make the trade more and more profitable. Also authorized the use of as much force as was deemed necessary.

Harvesting Rubber

The Congo Free State :

The Profit Imperative

Colony not profitable in first few years. Soon the idea of free trade was abandoned Natives could only trade with Leopolds representatives, with 50% of profits going to Leopold himself. Profit required cheap labor (gathering rubber is very labor intensive).

 Belgian soldiers enforcing rubber sap quotas

Leopolds Abuse of the Congo

Agents encouraged young men to work by holding their wives and children captive until each mans quota was met. Many who resisted were killed on the spot. Others were beaten with whips made from dried hippo hide with sharp edges.
20 lashes resulted in unconsciousness 100 lashes resulted in death.

Women kept hostage to force their husbands to go and gather rubber. Rubber was harvested by climbing the rubber tree, tapping into it and letting the sap run all over the slaves body, where it would congeal. Later he would peel the rubber off his body, taking any body hair with it. Rubber harvesters were given impossible quotas to fill each month. In addition to enduring the hardships of gathering rubber in the jungle, many of them were killed by wild animals.

"The station chief selects the victims....Trembling, haggard, they lie face down on the

ground...two of their companions, sometimes four, seize them by the feet and hands, and remove their cotton drawers....Each time that the torturer lifts up the chicotte, a reddish stripe appears on the skin of the pitiful victims, who, however firmly held, gasp in frightful contortions....At the first blows the unhappy victims let out horrible cries which soon become faint groans....In a refinement of evil, some officers, and I've witnessed this, demand that when the sufferer gets up, panting, he must graciously give the military salute. -- Stanislas Lefranc, Belgian prosecutor

The chicotte, a particularly vicious type of whip made from rhinoceros hide.

Punishing Lazy Workers

Two victims (l.) who lost their hands, one because his wrists were tied too tightly, the other because company militia cut it off to claim him as killed and get a reward. Below, a Belgian Congo father looks at the severed hand and foot of his daughter

Primary Source: Roger Casement, Report from the Congo Basin in 1903
Here Nkwabali took up the tale from Moyo, the Bangongo chief: We said to the white men, We are not enough people now to do what you want us. Our country has not many people in it and we are dying fast. We are killed by the work you make us do, but the stoppage of our plantations, and the breaking up of our homes.

Mutilated People in the Congo Free State

Kevin P. Dincher

"I have just returned from a journey inland to the village of Insongo Mboyo. The abject misery and utter abandon is positively indescribable. I was so moved, Your Excellency, by the people's stories that I took the liberty of promising them that

94

The men in this photo are holding human hands.

sun.menloschool.org

5-8 Million Victims!

(50% of Popul.)

It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Leopolds Abuse of the Congo

Revolt broke out. Leopold sent troops into villages to exterminate the young men. To make sure bullets werent wasted, soldiers were expected to return with the severed right hands of those they killed. Soldiers who couldnt meet quotas or spent bullets hunting would cut hands off of living women and children.

Between 1895-1908 an estimated 8-10 million people died due to murder, mistreatment and starvation.

The Hand Tax

Hands cut off as proof of killing or punishment: received payment for hands and proved that supervisors were not wasting bullets on game hunting

Leopolds men then proceeded to rape the land of its riches, especially ivory and rubber, ruthlessly using forced labor to get the job done. "It was most interesting, lying in the bush, watching the natives quietly at their day's work. Some women ...were making banana flour by pounding up dried bananas. Men we could see building huts and engaged in other work, boys & girls running about, singing.... I opened the game by shooting one chap through the chest. He fell like a stone....Immediately a volley was poured into the village. "Six shots & four deaths were sufficient to quiet the mocking.--Henry Stanley

The village of Baringa before and after it was burned & converted into a rubber plantation, it being easier to clear a village than a deeply rooted jungle

Belgian Congo

Leopolds Conscience??

Negative press about what the Belgians were doing in the Congo

The Belgian King Leopold II says to the USA " I'll give you enough rubber to make you an elastic conscience"
http://www.flickr.com/photos/41766098@N03/3965951238/

Marlows & Conrads 1889-90 journey into

Heart of Darkness

Joseph Conrad (1857-1914)

The First Modern Genocide?

From 1885-1908 the Congolese population declines by one-half to 10 million due to 1) murder 2) starvation/exhaustion 3) disease 4) low birth rate

An estimated 10 million people died during this time

Effects of Imperialism on Congolese Continued

They were forced to collect sap from rubber plants by European Companies that King Leopold II issued. A near 10 million Congolese died from the brutality of Leopolds rule. Humanitarians all around the world wanted big changes because of the horrible acts of Leopold. The Belgium Government took control in 1908, away from the vicious Leopold. There was slavery throughout Africa and they were beaten and forced to work but that would soon be over because they were going to gain independence from Belgium soon.

Effect on the Congo: The Human Rights Movement

Public pressure eventually forced Leopold to sell the Congo Free State to the Belgian government. It became The Belgian Congo in 1908 The Belgian Government ended the worst of the atrocities, but still controlled the fate of the African natives For their own good. The African natives were never consulted about their future

Imperial Power Removed In Congo

In 1908 the Congo was surrendered by King Leopold II to Belgium. It was renamed the Belgium Congo. Working conditions were harsh but the Belgium rule improved them significantly. People began to demand self rule. The Belgium government agreed to give their political power to the people because they were so confident that they would later regain control. The Belgium Government was wrong, on June 30,1960, Congo gained their independence. Joseph Kasavubu and Patrick Lumumba were the new president and prime minister of the Belgium Congo.

Benefits and Modernization

The Belgian modernized the colony The Belgians built railroads and automobiles They brought over electricity and telephones
("Encyclopedia Britannica,).

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/59224/Belgian-Congo

Cultural Imperialism
The Belgians forced many different Congo tribes to live together The Belgians set up Belgian style schools The Congolese lost their native language and way of religion The Belgians brought a new system of law

(Everything Culture," ).

http://sfbayview.com/2011/50years-after-lumumba-theburden-of-history/

Resistance and Independence Movements

Congo rebelled from beginning The first Congolese party started in 1958 whose name was Congo nation movement In 1959 riots broke out and Congo people demanded independence Congo became an independent republic on June 30, 1960
("Encyclopedia Britannica," ).

http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/belgian-reignterror-casts-shadow-over-congoleseanniversary-0

Consequences on the Occupied Region

When the Belgians left the country was unstable The Congo lost a lot of its resources Most people live in poverty Government corruption has caused civil wars

picture:mydailyclarity.com (Democratic Republic of the Congo, n.d.).

BELGIANS IN AFRICA
1908
Belgium gained control of Congo (Congo Free State) from King Leopold II Leopold was infamous for the cruelty of his rule in the Congo

Congo Free State (todays Democratic Republic of Congo)

80 times the size of Belgium Source of uranium

Modern Status
Congo GDP-$300 per year Literacy rate-67.2% HDI-.239 (rank 168) Belgium GDP-$37,900 per year Literacy rate-99% HDI-.867 (rank 18)

seputarforex.com (The World Factbook, n.d.).

Italian Colonies in Africa

ITALIANS IN AFRICA
1882-1896
Eritrea (along the Red Sea) Somaliland (along the Indian Ocean, part of todays Somalia)

1896
Defeated in attempt to conquer Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

1912
Won Tripoli from Ottoman Turks

Portuguese Colonies in Africa

PORTUGUESE IN AFRICA
Under old imperialism Portugal gained African territory and led the early trans-Atlantic African slave trade Angola

Mozambique
Portuguese territory in Africa, 1810

Spanish Colonies in Africa

SPANISH IN AFRICA
Spain had very few possessions in Africa

Tip of Morocco Rio de Oro

Rio Muni

Modern boundaries, drawn by Europeans

Examples of African Resistance to Imperialism

 Nor is violent physical opposition to abuse and injustice henceforth possible for the African in any part of Africa. His chances of effective resistance have been steadily dwindling with the increasing perfectibility in the killing power of modern armament. Thus the African is really helpless against the material gods of the white man, as embodied in the trinity of imperialism, capitalistic exploitation and militarism. Edward Morel, The Black Mans Burden According to this statement, do you think the Africans could overcome the challenges of Imperialism?

Primary Source

Many Africans fought back: I have listened to your words but can find no reason why I should obey you I would rather die first If you desire friendship, then I am ready for it, today and always. But I cannot be your subject. If you desire war, then I am ready. -Chief Machemba (1890)

What do you think happened?

African Resistance
Many Africans attempted to resist European imperialism It was difficult for Africans to resist because
Europeans had superior weapons More organized armies Unlimited money

Aim: What challenges did Africans face in an attempt to resist European imperialism?

Remember?

Whatever happens, we have got the Maxim gun, and they have not.
When Africans rebelled, Europeans killed thousands of Yao, Zulu, Asante, Shona, Herero, and Maji-Maji people.

Ethiopia was the only exception

African Resistance
Africans did not passively accept European claims to rule over them. As European troops advanced on African territory, they met stiff resistance.

The Zulu
Zulu people resisted colonialization more than 50 years
Zulu leader Shaka built strong kingdom by subduing several neighboring peoples 1879, British invaded Zulu territory, annexed kingdom as colony

Ethiopia
Only nation to retain independence by matching European firepower
1889, emperor Menelik II modernized nation, army 1895, Italian forces invaded over treaty dispute Meneliks forces defeated Italians

Even without modern weapons, other Africans still fiercely resisted European powers.

Halie Selassies cousin, Emperor Menelik II, had modernized Ethiopia by hiring Europeans to build roads, bridges and schools. He bought weapons from Great Britain to fight the Italian invaders, and defeated the Italians in 1896.

Ethiopia: Successful Resistance

Only African nation that was successful in resisting the Europeans Menelik II, leader, played the Italians, French and British against each other.
He built a large arsnal of weapons Learned that treaties were not always correct

Defeated the Italians in the Battle of Adowa

Aim: What challenges did Africans face in an attempt to resist European imperialism?

Menelik II

Aim: What challenges did Africans face in an attempt to resist European imperialism?

When Italy invaded again in 1935, Haile Selassie I made a famous speech to the League of Nations. Bob Marley used his speech as lyrics to a song, War

That until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned: That until there are no longer first-class and second class citizens of any nation; That until the color of a man's skin is of no more significance than the color of his eyes; That until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to race; That until that day, the dream of lasting peace and world citizenship and the rule of international morality will remain but a fleeting illusion, to be pursued but never attained

And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes that hold our brothers in Angola, in Mozambique and in South Africa in subhuman bondage have been toppled and destroyed Until that day, the African continent will not know peace. We Africans will fight, if necessary, and we know that we shall win, as we are confident in the victory of good over evil.

Shaka Zulu

(1785 1828)

Effects of Imperialism

Effects of Imperialism
Positive Reduced Local Warfare The introduction of modern of transportation and communication systems, such as telegraphs, railroads and telephones. Improved Sanitation Introduction of medicine increased population Life Span and Literacy Rates Increased Negative Loss of land and independence Breakdown of traditional culture Division of Continent

 Positive For Europe: The imperialists profited from the colonies by digging mines, starting plantations, and building factories and ports Negative for Africans: Africans were used as cheap labor and abused in many colonies. Europeans divided Africa and ignored the tribal, ethnic, and cultural boundaries of the African people. This has led to tribal conflicts in many African nations that continue to this day.

Effects of Imperialism

 Led to the rise of African nationalism under a new class of African leaders who had been educated under the Western systems Saw the good and bad of the Western colonists Realized they were hypocrites---did not bring democracy to Africa Upset by the segregated clubs, schools, and churches Upset by how they would call African male boy

Positive/Negative Effects of Imperialism

Positive/NegativeEffects of Imperialism
Schools set up by Europeans taught Africans that European ways were best A western-educated elite had emerged in many European colonies in Africa These elite condemned imperialism They founded nationalist groups to push for self-rule By the end of the 20th Century Africas peoples had won their political independence from European rule

Positive/Negative Effects of Imperialism Africans could communicate through a common

European language like English. Africans became part of a greater European power. Africans became more civilized and spread Europeans customs and traditions. Africans were not using resources that benefitted the Europeans. European entrepreneurs used those resources to provide wealth and trade in Europe and Africa.

Positive/Negative Effects of Imperialism The effect on the economies of Africa was to

provide more jobs and trade. Africans were used as labor and provided passage as guides through undeveloped areas. Africans worked in mines, cleared jungles, acted as interpreters, built railroads, and were servants. Africans helped businesses by facilitating trade and worked as local policemen to maintain law and order.

Positive Effects of Imperialism

There was a uniform legal code instead of laws varying from tribe to tribe. Intergenerational and intertribal wars were eliminated. The European governments had the military resources to maintain law and order peacefully. Africans were given salvation by converting to Christianity. Africans went to school and learned to read and write.

Negative Effects of Imperialism

African culture and heritage were replaced by European culture and heritage. Many Africans were not included in society because they did not speak the European languages. Indigenous peoples were divided according to whether they followed European customs or not. A new set of values and beliefs was created blending European and native traditions.

Negative Effects of Imperialism

Many of the natural resources were taken from Africa without any environmental concerns. The profit from the natural resources went to the Europeans. Most of the indigenous people were employed in difficult manual labor and for very low wages. Indigenous economies were replaced by a market economy. The Europeans imposed taxes and forced Africans into the labor force.

Negative Effects of Imperialism

African peoples lost the power to govern their own lives. African indigenous peoples already had laws and traditions for maintaining order and did not need European interference. African culture did not grow or prosper. There were arguments among the indigenous peoples over which religion should guide the people. Missionaries destroyed African culture.

Negative Effects of Imperialism

The colonial governments took much of the land away from the Africans for personal and commercial use, such as mining and large commercial farms The Europeans took the best land for their own Examples of this: Belgium and Britain in Central, East, and South Africa

Negative Effects of Imperialism

Since European powers needed manpower to manage their farms and mining companies, they used Africans as cheap labor The Africans, either having lost their lands or not able to live off their lands, began to move to towns, farms, and mines in search of work The working conditions were horrible, often involving corporal punishment and low wages. Wages were partially given in the form of cash and partially as food rations

Negative Effects of Imperialism

The colonial governments needed money to pay for the running of these overseas governments, and the mother country gave them very little financial help. So the colonial governments taxed the Africans heavily Since taxes had to be paid in European currency, the Africans were indirectly forced to work for the Europeans in order to obtain the cash to pay the taxes The result of this was more and more Africans were forced to work for Europeans

Negative Effects of Imperialism

Taxes: Europeans were quick to tax Africans on anything they could According to Kumalo, The government said, You must contribute more; you must pay 1. We did so. Then those who took more than one wife were taxed that is not all. We are also taxed for our dogs then we were told we were living on private land; the owners wanted rent in addition to the government tax Kumalo said, If we do raise anything, it is never our own: all, or most of it, goes back in taxation

Negative Effects of Imperialism

Due to World War One and Two, the European colonial powers started a new policy of forced labor in the 1920s Africans were recruited to work and sent to towns, farms, and mines This led to many African men being separated from their families, since only men were used The villages lacked the manpower for food production, which led to famine Male homosexuality and female prostitution increased among the African communities in the towns There was alienation from traditional village life, which led to the declining power of the village chiefs Immigrant laborers were brought from Asia to Africa and tensions developed between the native Africans and the foreign immigrants

Negative Effects of Imperialism

The Europeans changed the economic structure of African society They introduced commercial or cash crops to meet the industrial demands of the home countries Cocoa, coffee, tea, and cotton were produced on a large scale Minerals were mined extensively Resulted in neglecting of production of food for basic needs

Negative Effects of Imperialism

Europeans changed the economy from one where basic foods were produced to feed the native peoples to an economy based on the production of a few cash crops All the crops produced were exported to Europe at prices set by the European countries Few colonies allowed the Africans to grow the cash crops for their own benefit Trade was not allowed between Africans As a result, the Africans became produced of cheap cash crops and minerals for the Europeans

Negative Effects of Imperialism

Africans Land and Food Scarcity: Europeans take land, cattle, and food Africans acquired Kumalo said, All the best land has been taken by the white people. We get hardly any price for our cattle; we find it hard to meet our money obligations. If we have crops to spare, we get very little for them When we have plenty of grain the prices are very low, but the moment we are short of grain and we have to buy from Europeans at once the price is high

Negative Effects of Imperialism

The colonial powers had no plans to industrialize or aid in the modernization of Africa Africa produced the raw materials, which were exported to Europe, and re-exported to Africa as final products sold at high prices, which the Africans could not afford to pay

Negative Effects of Imperialism

Ndansi Kumalo, an African, said, We were treated like slaves the treatment we received was intolerable. We said, It is no good living under such conditions; death would be betterlet us fight King Leopold II of Belgium justified brutality against the Africans by saying, the natives hardly knew how to get their daily food Cecil Rhodes wrote in his will in 1877 that African Americans were the most despicable specimens of human beings.

Negative Effects of Imperialism

British Matabele War: Rhodes gained control of the mineral mines in Matabeleland and with the help of his South Africa Company, exploited the mineral wealth in the area, sparking the rebellion of the Matabeles against the British. The British Matabele War ended with Britain easily slaughtering thousands of Africans with the help of the machine guns.

Negative Effects of Imperialism

Civil War in Africa: After the Europeans relinquished control, civil war broke out all over Africa; some of these civil wars are still going on today. In January, representatives at the Pan Africanist Congress said that, "the problems which were being blamed on [President Robert] Mugabe [of Zimbabwe] were created by British colonialism, whose agent Cecil Rhodes used armed force to acquire land for settlers." In Zimbabwe, formerly called Rhodesia, Mugabe called his enemies of all races "colonialists," despite that Rhodesia was renamed Zimbabwe in 1980

Positive Effects of Imperialism

Western medicine was introduced and aided in the growth of the African population Formal education was introduced and broaden the African outlook Africas infrastructure was based on the European one with roads, railways, water, electricity, and communication systems The introduction of Christianity promoted literacy and health care through the work of missionaries Create a basis for all Africans to come together and assist one another

Positive Effects of Imperialism

Christianity made African spirituality simpler in regards of life, death, and salvation There was no need for sacrifices and rituals, which were traditionally required It made individual progress possible because it destroyed the traditional fabric of the African community The boundaries as established by the different colonial powers made state formation easier in the process of independence

Positive Effects of Imperialism

Ndansi Kumalo, an African warrior in the British Matabele War said the Government has arranged for education and through that, when our children grow up, they may rise in status Kumalo said, they brought us European implementsplows; we can buy European clothes, which are an advance