CAPSTONE PROJECT

Batch number : A14

Academic Year : 2013 2014
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Narayan D. G.
Theme: Networking: WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS
TEAM DETAILS
3 May 2014 2
Roll Number Name USN
10 Anup Shanbhag 2BV10IS019
29
Rahul Hosmani
2BV10IS072

35
Sana Chandsha
2BV10IS082

55 Vinayak Anegundi 2BV10IS124
CONTENTS
May 3, 2014 3 Capstone
Problem Statement
Motivation
Objectives
Literature Survey
Proposed System
References
PROBLEM STATEMENT
May 3, 2014 4 Capstone
To propose a cross layer rate adaptive technique
for video transmission in multi-channel multi-radio
wireless mesh networks based on a new routing metric
and evaluate the quality of transmission with real-time
video traces.
MOTIVATION
May 3, 2014 5 Capstone
Wireless mesh networks hold great promise in the wireless
transmission of video flows, particularly if the problem of providing
sufficient network capacity can be addressed.

The routing metrics present which help decide the paths for
transmissions have a lot of shortcomings.

As the demand to deliver content to users on multiple screens
continues to grow at a rapid pace, Video streaming has now become a
challenging task. The video quality has not been so good in wireless
networks.

To bring about a high throughput under varying conditions, the possible
solution could be to adapt their transmission rate and thus Rate
Adaptive Transmission came into picture.

OBJECTIVES
May 3, 2014 6 Capstone
To propose a new Routing metric for multi channel multi
radio wireless mesh networks.

To discover an optimal path for video transmission from
source to destination in the network.

To send video packets over the discovered path while
continuously monitoring the link quality based on the
proposed routing metric.

If the link quality is below a certain threshold, then
reduce the bit rate of the video stream dynamically to
achieve high throughput, PSNR and minimize delay,
jitter.

LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 7 Capstone
ETX
[1]
:
Expected transmission count and retransmissions
required to successfully deliver a packet over that link.

ETX = 1 / (d
f
. d
r
)
d
f
: packet delivery ratio in forward direction
d
r
: packet delivery ratio in backward direction
To get Pf and Pr : sending one probe packet per second.
ETX is an additive metric
Path cost = sum of link costs on that path

Poor performance in ETX is due to assumption that the
channel conditions are static in nature. It does not measure
load and interference on the network.
LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 8 Capstone
ETT
[02]
:
Expected transmission time; It measures the
transmission rate of individual link.

ETT = ETX x (S / B)
S: average packet size
B: data rate

ETT is an improved version of ETX, but still has drawbacks of
being unaware of traffic load, intra-flow interference and inter-
flow interference.
LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 9 Capstone
WCETT LB
[03]
:
Extension of ETT which considers packet loss ratio
and transmission rate of each link. It also provides load
balancing to avoid congestion.


n : total number of nodes, hops or links on the path.
k: total number of available channels for multi radio
interface
: tunable parameter [0, 1].

continue to next slide:
LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 10 Capstone
WCETT LB
[03]
:


L(path) : load balancing component
QL
i
: mean / average queue length
B
i
: transmission rate which captures level of congestion.
N
i
: total number of child nodes using node i as their next
hop path on p.

It is the extension of ETT, it measures traffic concentration
and traffic concentration at node level on particular path but
still fails to capture interflow interference.
LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 11 Capstone
CATT
[04]
: Contention aware transmission time
It predicts location dependent Contention and rate diversity in the links.
Isotonic behavior of CATT makes it possible to work with link state routing
protocols.



N
i
, N
j
: Total number of links interfering in transmission on link I and link j
respectively.
R
k
,R
j
: Packet size of link containing 1 and 2 hop neighbors respectively.
B
k
, B
j
: Bandwidth of links 1 and 2 hop neighbors respectively.
T
j
: packet transmission attempt rate on link j

It captures inter flow and intra flow interference simultaneously. But it
assumes that all the neighboring nodes to participate in the interference (
which is an overestimate). It also uses active probing which has a overhead.
LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 12 Capstone
ILA
[05]
: Interference Load aware Routing Metric
It is a hybrid metric based on load, interfering neighbors and transmission
rates.



P : path in the network.
MTI : Metric of Traffic interference.
CSC: (Channel Switching Cost) measures efficiency of flows routed
through path p.
Alpha (): It is used to weigh the influence of interflow and intra flow
interference in the metric.

It measures inter flow, intra flow interferences, transmission rates and packet
loss ratio.
Continued to next slide:
LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 13 Capstone
ILA: Interference Load aware Routing Metric
MTI measures quantity of traffic generated by interfering neighboring
nodes.



ETT : It measures the difference in transmission rate and packet loss ratio.
AIL : Average interfering Load (when node i and node j are transmitting
over the channel C)



N
l
(C) : set of interfering neighbor of node i and j
IL
ij
: interference load of neighbors.

Continued to next slide:

LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 14 Capstone
ILA: Interference Load aware Routing Metric






Alpha (): It is used to weigh the influence of interflow and intra flow
interference in the metric; which is a scaling factor to balance the effect of
MTI and CSC.
N
l
: Set of interfering neighbors of nodes i and j.
min (ETT) : smallest ETT
min (AIL) : average load

ILA uses active probing (overhead high) which does not consider
transmission delay in order to route the traffic efficiently.

LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 15 Capstone
MIND
[07]
: Metric for interference and channel diversity
It captures interference and load aware parameters on the basis of
passive monitoring technique.




INTERLOAD : captures interflow interference and load
CSC: captures intra flow interference
n : measures total number of wireless links
m: total number of nodes in the path p.



Continued to next slide:
LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 16 Capstone
MIND: Metric for interference and channel diversity



IR : Interference Ratio, it is used to measure interference between links
SINR: Signal to noise plus interference ratio
SNR: Signal to noise ratio



Total time : it is the measure of time form first attempt to the receiving of
ACK.
Idle Time: Back off time in radio nodes.
MIND captures both inter flow and intra flow interference in a intelligent
manner by considering both physical and logical models.
It induces complexity in implementation in virtual Networks.
LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 17 Capstone
CWB
[06]
: Contention Window based Routing metric
It consider channel utilization and average contention window.
It is a load interference routing metric which guides the routing protocol to
balance traffic loads on the links and increase throughput by routing towards
less congested areas.

Congestion level is measured by average value of contention window on link.


FER : Frame Error Rate
CW
0
: Minimum contention window
r : maximum back off stage
: (Channel utilization component )Channel Busy time CBT
It is the amount of time that a channel spends in transmitting,
receiving and occupying states .
Continued to next
slide:
LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 18 Capstone
CWB: Contention Window based Routing metric







= 1 when channel utilization is small
=
max
When channel utilization is maximum

CWB captures inter flow and traffic load but fail to capture intra flow
interference. This metric is poor when network changes quickly.
LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 19 Capstone
C2WB
[08]
: Metric for interference and channel diversity
C2WB is a routing metric that leverages real-time radio channel quality
information to maximize the achieved throughput of a WMN. It uses service
time as a metric to approximate quality of the link without using any heuristic
approaches.



CW
l
: Average Contention window of the node link l
FER: Frame Error Rate.


T
bac
, l : Back off time of the link
Idle Time: Back off time in radio nodes.

Continued to next slide:
LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS
May 3, 2014 20 Capstone
C2WB: Metric for interference and channel diversity






C2WB measures intra flow interference, data rate and frame error rate to
compute the most optimal path for transmission. The above mentioned
C2WB metric calculates the optimal path for single radio.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
May 3, 2014 21 Capstone
APPLICATION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
MAC LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER
PARAMETER
ACQUISTION
LOAD
intraflow
interference
PATH DISCOVERY
USING ROUTING
METRIC
Link Quality and
Optimum path
RATE
ADAPTATION
NETWORK
LAYER
APPLICATION
LAYER
interflow
interference
REFERENCES
May 3, 2014 22 Capstone
[01] DSJD Couto, D Aguayo, J Bicket, R Morris, A high-throughput path
metric for multi-hop wireless routing. Wirel. Netw. 11, 419434 (2005).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-005-1766-z

[02] B Sadeghi, V Kanodia, A Sabharwal, E Knightly, Opportunistic media access
for multirate ad hoc networks, in Proceedings of the 8th annual international
conference on Mobile computing and networking, MobiCom02, ACM, New York,
2002, pp. 2435.http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/570645.570650

[03]L Ma, M Denko, A routing metric for load-balancing in wireless mesh
networks, in 21st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking
and Applications Workshops, 2007, AINAW'07, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada,
21-23 May 2007, vol. 2,pp. 409414

[04]. M Genetzakis, V Siris, A contention-aware routing metric for multi-rate multi-
radio mesh networks, in 5th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference
on Sensor,Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2008. SECON'08,
San Francisco,California, USA, 16-20 June 2008, pp. 242250
REFERENCES
May 3, 2014 23 Capstone
[05]. DM Shila, T Anjali, Load aware traffic engineering for mesh networks.
Comput.Commun.31(7),14601469(2008).http://www.sciencedirect.com/
science/article/B6TYP-4RP0MMN10/2/8d112fe4f3e25b28e71fb245e8f23b0e


[06]. LT Nguyen, R Beuran, Y Shinoda, A load-aware routing metric for wireless
mesh networks,in IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, ISCC,
Marrakech, Morocco,6-9 July 2008, pp. 429435

[07]. V Borges, D Pereira, M Curado, E Monteiro, Routing metric for
interference and channel diversity in multi-radio wireless mesh networks, in
AdHoc, Mobile and Wireless Net-works, vol. 5793 , ed. by P Ruiz, J Garcia-Luna
- Aceves, (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg,2009), pp. 5568

[08]. LT Nguyen, R Beuran, Y Shinoda, An interference and load aware routing
metric for wireless mesh networks.

CAPSTONE PROJECT
THANK YOU
May 3, 2014 24 Capstone