05 Rac GC

1 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN20GLA1
Radio Admission Control (RAC)

LTE Radio Parameters RL20
1. LTE Functionalities and Overview
2. Channel Configuration
3. General parameter DB structure and System Information
Broadcast
4. Random Access
5. Radio Admission Control (RAC)
6. Radio Bearer Control & DRX /DTX Management
7. LTE Mobility Management
8. UL/DL Scheduler
9. MIMO Mode Control (MIMO-MC)
10.Power Control

Contents
Module Contents

Task of Radio Admission Control
QoS Architecture and Profiles in LTE
Default and Dedicated Bearers
Multiple EPS bearers
EPS bearers for conversational voice
ROHC
Emergency Call Handling
Radio Admission Control algorithms and thresholds
Radio Admission Control Introduction 1
Scope of RAC is cell level
RAC algorithms controls establishment of
Signaling radio bearer
Data Radio Bearer
RAC controls number of UE in a cell
Number of established RRC connection per cell
Number of active UEs (users) per cell
RAC controls number of DRB in a cell
Number of data radio bearers (DRB)
Number of DRB with QCI=1
RAC controls emergency calls and emergency sessions
Special margin considered for emergency calls
Special margin considered for IMS emergency sessions (RL30)
Radio Admission Control Introduction 2
RAC applies different criteria for call estblishment and Mobility (HO)

offset in terms of number of rrc connections or active users used, etc
aim is to keep the already established sessions active and support user mobility

RAC interacts with other RRM entities
Packet Scheduler
Mobility management
Radio Bearer Management
UE State Management

RAC acts based on events like:
paging
Handover Request
Call establishment request

Module Contents

ROHC
Bearer model in GTP and IETF variants
P - GW S - GW Peer
Entity
UE eNB
EPS Bearer
Radio Bearer S 1 Bearer
End-to-end Service
Radio S 5 / S 8
Internet
S 1
E - UTRAN EPC
SGi
S 5 / S 8 Bearer
P - GW S - GW Peer
Entity
UE eNB
EPS Bearer
Radio Bearer S 1 Bearer
End-to-end Service
Radio S 5 / S 8
Internet
S 1
E - UTRAN EPC
SGi
External Bearer
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GTP variant:
EPS bearer termination in PGW
IETF variant:
EPS bearer termination in SGW
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
Simplifications in QoS profile
3G EPS
QCI (QoS Class
Identifier)
ARP
Max Bit Rate
Guaranteed Bit
Rate
Aggregate Max
Bit Rate
For GBR bearers
For non-GBR bearers
Number of QoS parameters has
been decreased
AMRB as part of rate caping feature
(LTE13) is supported in RL20
Guaranteed
Bitrate
Delivery Order
Max SDU Size
SDU Format
Information
SDU Error Ratio
Residual Bit Error
Ratio
Delivery of
Erroneous SDUs
Transfer Delay
Traffic Handling
Priority
ARP
Source Statistics
Descriptor
Signalling
Indication
Max Bitrate
Traffic Class
QoS parameters in EPS
QoS Class Identifier (QCI)
QCI is used to determine packet forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling of packets)
QCI is used to mark packets with DSCP (Differential Service Code Point)
3GPP has standardized 9 QCI values and mapping to resource type (GBR, non-GBR),
priority, packet delay budget and packet error loss rate
Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP)
ARP is used to decide whether bearer establishment or modification request can be
accepted in case of resource limitations
ARP can also be used to decide which bearer(s) to drop during resource limitations
It has been agreed in 3GPP that ARP has no impact on packet forwarding treatment
APN Aggregate Max Bit Rate (APN-AMBR) and UE Aggregate Max Bit Rate
(UE-AMBR) for non-GBR EPS bearers
APN-AMBR shared by all non-GBR EPS bearers with the same APN downlink
enforcement is done in PDN GW and uplink enforcement in UE
UE-AMBR shared by all non-GBR EPS bearers of the UE downlink and uplink
enforcement is done in eNB
Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) and Max Bit Rate (MBR) for GBR EPS bearers
Standardized QCIs
GBR 1
Resource
type
Packet delay
budget
Packet error
loss rate
Example Application QCI
GBR
100 ms 1e-2 Conversation voice
2
GBR
150 ms 1e-3 Conversational video
3
GBR
50 ms 1e-3

Real-time gaming
4
Non-GBR 100 ms 1e-6 IMS signalling 5
Non-GBR 300 ms 1e-6 Video, www, email, ftp 6
Non-GBR 7
Non-GBR 8
Non-GBR 9
Priori
ty
2
4
3
1
6
7
8
9
300 ms 1e-6
Non-conversational
video
5
100 ms
300 ms
300 ms
1e-3

1e-6
1e-6
Interactive gaming
Video, www, email, ftp
Video, www, email, ftp
Note: Usage of operator specific QCIs in addition to standardized QCIs is possible (future).
RL20 supported QCIs
NSN RL20 release supports the QCIs for non-GBR radio bearer services: QCI 5,
6, 7, 8 and 9
In addtion features such as LTE10 enable QCI=1 conversational voice.

QCI values > 9 are mapped into QCI 9.
Parameters per QCI can be controlled on LNBTS level by qciTab.
QCI
Resource
Type Priority
Packet
Delay
Budget
Packet
Loss
Rate
Default QCI
Support
Default
RLC Mode
RLC
Profile
Index
PDCP
Profile
Index
Further
QoS
param.
1 GBR 2 100 ms 1.0E-02 - - - - ...
2 GBR 4 150 ms 1.0E-03 - - - - ...
3 GBR 3 50 ms 1.0E-03 - - - - ...
4 GBR 5 300 ms 1.0E-06 - - - - ...
5 NON-GBR 1 100 ms 1.0E-06 - - - - ...
6 NON-GBR 6 300 ms 1.0E-06 ENABLED RLC_AM 1 1 ...
qciTab
Structure {qci, resType, prio, Lcgid, qciSupp, rlcMode, rlcProfIdx,
pdcpProfIdx, dscp, schedulWeight, schedulPrio, delayTarget}
LNBTS;- ;9 ; -
LNBTS: qcitab
x
LNBTS: qcitab
x
is a structured parameter with 12 parameters

dscp This parameter configures the DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point)
Lcgid Logical Channel Group Identifier for buffer status reporting
pdcpProfIdx This parameter specifies the corresponding PDCP profile in the PDCP profile list.
prio This parameter gives the priority of the EPS bearer.
qci QoS Class Identifier.
qciSupp The given QCI is supported and enabled in this release
resType Permanent network resources allocated for GBR
rlcMode Configures the RLC mode of the radio bearer based on the corresponding QCI
rlcProfIdx This parameter specifies the corresponding RLC profile in the RLC profile list
schedulBSD Configure the Bucket Size Duration (BSD) of the UL scheduler
schedulPrio Logical Channel Priority for the UE scheduler
schedulType Specifies how the EPS bearer with this QCI is scheduled. Only for QCI=5
schedulWeight Specifies the scheduling weight for eNB schedulers
delayTarget The maximum packet delay value used by the eNB MAC scheduling algorithm. Only
for QCI=1

LNBTS: qcitab
x
in
eNB SCF file

qcitab1 and qcitab5 shown
Example: LNBTS: qcitabx
Module Contents

ROHC
Default Bearers
The initial Default EPS Bearer is created as part of the LTE Attach procedure.
UE is allocated an IP address.
QoS is based on the QCI and associated parameters.
Additional Default EPS Bearers may be created when simultaneous access to
services available via multiple Access Point Names (APN) is needed.
Trigger of an additional Default EPS Bearer is initiated by UE.
Default EPS Bearers are always non-GBR.

P-GW S-GW UE eNB
Internet E-UTRAN EPC
Radio S1-U
S5 /S8
SGi
Default EPS Bearer
SRB2
SRB1
Dedicated EPS Bearers
Dedicated EPS Bearers (non-GBR or GBR) are created for QoS differentiation
purposes.
The IP address allocated for the default bearer is used for the dedicated EPS
bearers within the same PDN connection.
Utilization of default or dedicated EPS bearers is based on a Traffic Flow Template
(TFT).
Dedicated EPS Bearers are created by network.
RL20 supports multiple dedicated EPS bearers (not supported in RL10)
RL20 supports conversational voice on GBR dedicated EPS bearers (not
supported in RL10)
The UE may have multiple dedicated EPS bearers linked to a default EPS bearer.
P-GW S-GW UE eNB
Default EPS Bearer
Radio S1-U
S5 /S8
SGi
Dedicated EPS Bearer
Dedicated EPS Bearer
SRB2
SRB1
Module Contents

ROHC
LTE7 Support of multiple EPS bearers
The Flexi Multiradio BTS supports up to four EPS bearers.
The following radio bearer combinations per UE are supported
by the Flexi Multiradio BTS:
SRB1 + SRB2 + 1 x AM DRB (+ 1 x UM DRB with LTE10)
Multiple sessions with different QoS
GBR EPS bearer
Non-GBR EPS bearer
SRB (signaling radio bearer)
Flexi Multiradio BTS S-GW UE
Note: LTE10 EPS bearers for conversational voice
actMultBearers
activates the support of multiple
EPS Bearers.
LNCEL; true,false; true
LTE7 Support of multiple EPS bearers
Multiple DRB (data radio bearers) can be either multiple default EPS
bearers or a combination of default and dedicated EPS bearers.
The radio admission is extended by additional check of the total number of
DRB per cell and maximum number of DRB per UE.
The different EPS bearers per UE can have the same or a different QCI.

The service differentiation functionality allows to assign relative scheduling
weights for each non-GBR QCI on cell level.
The relative weight will be considered by the uplink and the downlink scheduler.
The service differentiation functionality allows further on to define three different
RLC/PDCP profiles per BTS which can be assigned to different QCIs.
The operator can enable/disable the support of individual QCIs.
LTE9 Service differentiation for non-GBR EPS
bearers
QCI based service differentiation
actnonGbrServiceDiff
activates the Service
Differentiation for non-GBR
Bearers.
LNCEL; true,false; ; true
Module Contents

ROHC
LTE10 EPS Bearers for Conversational Voice
In RL20 voice service shall be transmitted using dedicated
bearers. Voice requires two bearers:
QCI 1 for user data
QCI 5 for IMS signaling
P-GW S-GW UE eNB
Default EPS Bearer (AM)
Radio S1-U
S5 /S8
SGi
SRB2
SRB1
Dedicated EPS Bearer (UM)
VoIP GBR,
UM, QCI=1
VoIP GBR,
UM, QCI=1
actConvVoice
Activates the support of the
conversational voice bearer
LNCEL; false, true; false
QCI translation table for QCI1,5-9
Parameter Name
Default
s QCI1
Default
s QCI5
Default
s QCI6
Defaults
QCI7
Default
s QCI8
Default
s QCI9
QCI 1 5 6 7 8 9
Resource Type 0(GBR) 1(NonGBR) 1(NonGBR) 1(NonGBR) 1(NonGBR) 1(NonGBR)
Priority 2 1 6 7 8 9
QCI Support 1 1 1 1 1 1
RLC Mode RLC_UM RLC_AM RLC_AM RLC_AM RLC_AM RLC_AM
RLC Profile Index 101 1 2 1 2 2
PDCP Profile Index 101 1 2 1 2 2
Logical Channel
Group Id 1 2 3 2 3 3
Scheduling BSD 1 1 3 1 3 3
Scheduling Priority 5 9 9 10 11 12
Scheduling Type* n/a 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Scheduling Weight n/a 40 20 10 5 1
DelayTarget 80ms n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
DSCP 46 34 18 20 10 0
DSCP to PHB map AF41 AF41 AF21 AF22 AF11 BE
PHB queue weight list 10000 10000 100 100 10 1
* - only for QCI5
For UL and DL
Not modifiable
LTE131 Traffic
prioritization on IP
layer (DiffServ)
Not modifiable
Not modifiable
RRM configuration
related parameters
Not modifiable
Has to be set to
0 (signaling)
when using
LTE10
If actnonGbrServiceDiff
disabled QCI9 must be
enabled
QOS/dscpMap
QOS/perHopBehav
iourWeightList
Module Contents

ROHC
Motivation for ROHC (LTE11)
IP/UDP/RTP headers size can be either
40 bytes (52% of a packet) for IPv4
or even 60 bytes (63%) for IPv6
This means enormous waste of energy
for transmitting headers instead of
speech data
In order to prevent that waste, in RL20, in parallel to LTE10 Conversational
Voice, there is also LTE11 feature which provides the functionality of Robust
Header Compression
For example, with ROHC, a 10 minutes of 12.2 kbps AMR coded VoIP call with
talk spurt/silent period alternating every 1 second (SID packets excluded), the
transmission overhead is reduced by 91.5%

actPdcpRohc
activates the usage of PDCP
Robust Header Compression
LNCEL; false, true; false
Idea of compression
IP/UDP/RTP header
consisting of predictable
and unpredictable fields -
subjected to compression
Field predictable in
the course of
transmission -
Destination IP
MAC header, RLC header,
VoIP payload, CRC
checksum - not subjected
to compression
10.0.0.10
10.0.0.10
10.0.0.10
10.0.0.10
10.0.0.10
10.0.0.10
6
3
7
0
1
8
from now on assume
Destination IP is 10.0.0.10
10.0.0.10 6
3
7
0
1
8
x
Uncompressed
transmission
Compressed
transmission
Unpredictable field
Initial transmission, context
is initialized so that next
transmissions can be
compressed
Context - information about all
fields that are predictable and
their change patterns sent in the
beginning of transmission to
allow header compression
In the course of transmission
header fields initialized in
context do not have to be
transmitted
rohcMaxCid
configures the maximum
number of ROHC contexts
used for a data radio bearer in
one direction
LNCEL; 1,,16;1; 4
Module Contents

ROHC
Emergency Call Handling (LTE22)
Introduces CS Fallback functionality applicable to emergency
calls only

There are two cases:
Case 1: UE is idle mode, eNB checks RRC Connection Request for call
establishment cause and in case it is 'Emergency', then a separate admission
threshold is used and calls will not be rejected due to capacity license
limitations
RRCConnectionEstablishmentRequest, Cause: Emergency
CS Fallback Redirect to UTRAN or GSM

Admission control: Admitted UE initials an
emergency
call
actEmerCallRedir
activates the feature 'Emergency Call Via
Redirection'.
LNBTS; Disabled (0), Enabled (1);- ;
Disabled (0)
Emergency Call Handling (LTE22)
Case2: MME is sending CS Fallback Indicator IE with value 'CS Fallback
High Priority'

MME
CS Fallback High Priority
MME initials an
emergency call
CS Fallback Redirect to UTRAN or GSM

Module Contents

ROHC
Radio Admission Control
RL20 RAC checks against operator configurable thresholds
on call establishment:
max_number_of_rrc_connection
max_number_of_rrc_connection_emergency_calls (LTE22 supported)
max_number_of_active_users
max_number_of_active_DRB (LTE7 supported)
max_number_of_QCI1_DRB (LTE10 supported)

on intra-frequency (incoming) handover:

additional offsets can be defined for
time critical handover (event A5)
handover desired for radio reasons (event A3)
all or nothing SRB && DRB must be admitted in target cell
RL20 Admission of SRB1
RAC compares the number of currently allocated RRC connections in the cell
against following parameter:

Admission Control criteria for Signalling Bearer:

maxNumRrc
(LNCEL)
Name
Range Description
0...840,
step 1
Default
240
(420)*
Maximum number of UEs in the cell with
an established RRC connection.
Note*: min(ulChBw,dlChBW) is set to
value '20 MHz'
Number of currently established RRC connections < maxNumRrc
Admission of signaling radio bearer SRB1
if min(ulChBw,dlChBw) has value ' 5MHz' and '10 MHz'
- maxNumRrc value range is restricted to 0...480 (default value 240)
- maxNumRrc+max(addAUeRrHo, addAUeTcHo) <= 480

if min(ulChBw,dlChBw) has value '15 MHz ' and '20 MHz'
- maxNumRrc value range is restricted to 0...840 (default value 420)
- maxNumRrc+max(addAUeRrHo, addAUeTcHo) <= 840
addAUeRrHo
Additional # of active UEs, which are allowed
to access a cell via handover with HO cause:
"HO desirable for radio reasons", when RRC
connection (maxNumRrc) or active UE
(maxNumActUE) limit already reached.
LNCEL; 0...840;1; 15
addAUeTcHo
Additional # of active UEs, which are
allowed to access a cell via handover with
HO cause: "Time critical handover", when
RRC connection (maxNumRrc) or active
UE (maxNumActUE) limit already reached
LNCEL; 0...840;1; 20
0 implies that no admission priority is granted for UEs accessing the cell via HO
RL20 Admission of SRB1 for Emergency Call
RAC compares the number of currently allocated RRC connections in the cell

Admission Control criteria for Signalling Bearer:

Note: maxNumRrcEmergency should be greater than the actual configured threshold
maxNumRrc
maxNumRrc
Emergency
(LNCEL)
Name
Range Description
0...840,
step 1
Default
440
(800)*
Maximum number of UEs in the cell which
may establish a RRC connection for an
emergency call.
Note*: min(ulChBw,dlChBW) is set to value
15 MHz or '20 MHz'
Number of currently established RRC connections < maxNumRrcEmergency
RL20 Admission of Single non-GBR radio bearer
As par of the S1AP initial context setup, the bearer management function
requests RAC to admit the single non-GBR data radio bearer setup request for
UEs for which the SRB1 and SRB2 have been successfully established.
RAC compares the number of currently UEs with established DRB in the cell

Admission Control criteria for non-GBR radio bearer:

maxNumActUE
(LNCEL)
Name
Range Description
0...840,
step 1
Default
120
(240)
Maximum number of UEs in the cell with
established DRB.
Note: default 240 for 20MHz
number of currently active UEs < maxNumActUE
if min(ulChBw,dlChBw) has value '10 MHz'
- maxNumActUE value range is restricted to 0...480 (default value 120)
- maxNumActUE +max(addAUeRrHo, addAUeTcHo) <= 480

if min(ulChBw,dlChBw) has value '20 MHz'
- maxNumActUE value range is restricted to 0...840 (default value 240)
- maxNumActUE +max(addAUeRrHo, addAUeTcHo) <= 840
Admission of single non-GBR radio bearer
addAUeRrHo
Additional # of active UEs, which are allowed
to access a cell via handover with HO cause:
"HO desirable for radio reasons", when RRC
connection (maxNumRrc) or active UE
(maxNumActUE) limit already reached.
LNCEL; 0...840;1; 15
addAUeTcHo
Additional # of active UEs, which are
allowed to access a cell via handover with
HO cause: "Time critical handover", when
RRC connection (maxNumRrc) or active
UE (maxNumActUE) limit already reached
LNCEL; 0...840;1; 20
RL20 Admission of Multiple EPS bearers
The bearer management function requests RAC to admit the data radio bearer
setup request for UEs for which the SRB1 and SRB2 have been successfully
established.
RAC compares the number of currently established DRB in the cell against
following parameter:

Admission Control criteria for Multiple EPS bearers:

maxNumActDrb
(LNCEL)
Name
Range Description
0...4200,
step 1
Default
360
(720)
maximum number of established DRBs
in the cell.
Note: default 720 for 20MHz
number of currently established DRBs < maxNumActDrb
If dlChBw is set to '5 MHz' or '10 MHz'
- maxNumActDrb + max(addNumDrbRadioReasHo,
addNumDrbTimeCriticalHo) <= 2400

If dlChBw is set to '15 MHz' or '20 MHz'
- maxNumActDrb + max(addNumDrbRadioReasHo,
addNumDrbTimeCriticalHo) <= 4200

Admission of Multiple EPS bearers
addNumDrbRadioReasHo
Additional margin for the maximum number of
active DRBs in the cell accessing the cell via
HO with HO-cause: "HO desirable for radio
reasons.
LNCEL; 0...4200;1; 35
addNumDrbTimeCriticalHo
Additional margin for the maximum number
of active DRBs in the cell accessing the cell
via HO with HO-cause: "Time Critical HO".
LNCEL; 0...4200;1; 60
RL20 Admission of QCI1 Conversational bearers
The bearer management function requests RAC to admit the data radio bearer
setup request for UEs conversational voice
RAC compares the number of currently established QCI=1 DRB in the cell against
following parameter:

Admission Control criteria for QCI=1 Conversational EPS bearers:

maxNumQci1Drb
(LNCEL)
Name
Range Description
0...200,
step 1
Default
100
Max Number QCI1 DRBs (GBRs)
number of currently established QCI=1 DRBs < maxNumQci1Drb
If dlChBw is set to '5 MHz'
- maxNumQci1Drb + max( addNumQci1DrbRadioReasHo,
addNumQci1DrbTimeCriticalHo) <= 150,

If dlChBw is set different to '5 MHz'
- maxNumQci1Drb + max( addNumQci1DrbRadioReasHo,
addNumQci1DrbTimeCriticalHo) <= 200

Admission of QCI1 Conversational bearers
addNumQci1DrbRadioReasHo
Additional margin for the maximum number of
active DRBs in the cell accessing the cell via
HO with HO-cause: "HO desirable for radio
reasons.
LNCEL; 0...200;1; 15
addNumQci1DrbTimeCriticalHo
Additional margin for the maximum number
of active DRBs in the cell accessing the cell
via HO with HO-cause: "Time Critical HO".
LNCEL; 0...200;1; 20
Main feature of RL20 is retrieval and utilisation of UE
capabilities in RRM
A Layer 3 RRC signaling procedure
3GPP TS 36.306 defines UE capabilities
RRC: UECapabilityEnquiry
eNB UE
RRC: UECapabilityInformation
Ue-RadioAccessCapRequest (eutra)
{(eutra, ueCapabilitesRAT-Container (UE-EUTRA-Capability)),
optional UE capabilitities for other RAT types}
Radio Admission Control may select UL/DL maximum
bitrates for a UE:
based on UE capability information received from UE (mbrSelector=0)
based on O&M parameters maxBitRateUl and maxBitRateDl
(mbrSelector =1)

The maximum Bitrate for a UE in UL and DL for all radio
bearers incl. SRBs are limited to O&M parameter setting:

mbrSelector
LNCEL; 0 (ueCapability), 1 (OaM) ; 0
maxBitRateDl
LNCEL; 50300000kbps;50 ;
170000 Kbps
maxBitRateUl
LNCEL; 5075000kbps;50 ;
50000 Kbps
Radio Admission Control for intra-frequency HO
For LTE intra-frequency handover there can be separate admission control
thresholds defined depending on HO trigger cause:

Time Critical Handover flag is set when HO trigger is event A5 (urgency
is high for coverage handover (event A5))

Handover Desirable for Radio Reasons flag is set when HO trigger is
event A3 (urgency is low for power budget handover (event A3))

Better to support the call with Handover rather than rejecting and/or dropping


Radio Admission Control for intra-frequency HO
Definition of new admission control threshold for time critical HO:

HoThreshRrc = maxNumRrc + max(addAUeTcHo, addAUeRrHo)
HoThreshUe = maxNumActUe + max(addAUeTcHo, addAUeRrHo)
HoThreshDrb = maxNumActDrb + max(addNumDrbRadioReasHo,
addNumDrbTimeCriticalHo)
HoThreshGbr = maxNumQci1Drb + max( addNumQci1DrbRadioReasHo,
addNumQci1DrbTimeCriticalHo)
If NumRRC < HoThreshRrc
AND NumActUE < HoThreshUe
AND NumActDrb < HoThreshDrb
AND NumQci1Drb < HoThreshGbr
then
admit HO request in target cell

Otherwise
reject HO request for target cell

05 Rac GC

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1 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN20GLA1

Radio Admission Control (RAC)

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