DAY8

BUCKLING OF AIRCRAFT
STRUCTURES
 BUCKLING
Buckling is a failure mode characterized by a
sudden failure of a structural member subjected to
high compressive stresses, where the actual
compressive stresses at failure are smaller than
the ultimate compressive stresses that the material
is capable of withstanding

Buckling is also described as failure due to

elastic instability
 BUCKLING TYPES
Stable or Gentle Buckling is a buckling in
which the displacements increase in a
controlled fashion as loads are increased, ie.
the structure's ability to sustain loads is
maintained

Unstable or violent Buckling is a buckling in

which the displacements increase
instantaneously, the load carrying capacity
nose- dives and the structure collapses
catastrophically
 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
• Column
– A structural member which transmits the load of the
structure above it through compression to other
members
• Strut
– A structural member designed to resist longitudinal
compression
• Plate / Panel
– A structural member whose third dimension is small
compared to the other two dimensions
• Shell
– A thin shell is defined as a shell with a thickness which is
relatively small compared to its other dimensions and in
which deformations are not large compared to thickness.
A primary difference between a shell structure and a
plate structure is that, in the unstressed state, the shell
structure has curvature as opposed to plates structures
which are flat
 COLUMN BUCKLING
• Column buckling
– Buckling is defined as an instance of lateral bending or
bowing of the column shape due to a compressive load
on a column.
π 2 EI
Pcr = k
L2
S.No Type k
1 Pinned 1
2 Fixed-fixed 4
3 cantilever 1/4
 COLUMN BUCKLING (Contd..)
• Column buckling can be classified as
– Primary instability
• Cross sections are translated or rotated but not distorted
– Secondary instability
• Cross sections are distorted but not translated or rotated
 LOAD VS DEFLECTION

Perfect structures
Pcr
e s
Load P

ur
u ct
str
f e ct
p er
im

Lateral Deflection
 COLUMN CLASSIFICATION
Type Material Column
Structural Aluminium Aluminium Wood Theory
Steel alloy (6000) alloy (2000)
Short SR<40 SR<9.5 SR<12 SR<11 Johnson

Intermediate 40<SR<150 9.5<SR<66 12<SR<55 11<SR<30 Inelastic

Long SR>150 SR>66 SR>55 SR>30 Euler

Slenderness Ratio (SR) =Leff /ρ

Long Intermediate Short

BUCKLING SHAPES
 BEAM BENDING EQUATION
From Flexure formula
M 1
= ... (1)
EI R

Radius of curvature d2 y
1 dx 2
= 2 3/ 2
... (2)
R   dy  
 1 +  dx  
   
Ignoring higher order terms
1 d2 y
= 2 ... (3)
R dx

From (1) & (3) d2 y

EI 2 = M... (4)
dx
 EULER BUCKLING FORMULA
d 2v M P P

Beam deflection equation =

dx 2 EI B B

Applying the column load d 2v P L Spring

+ v=0
dx 2 EI A A

Solution to the above equation v = C1 sin(λ x) + C 2 cos(λ x) Fully Aligned

v = 0 at x = 0 ⇒ 0 = C2 nπ
Boundary conditions λ=
v = 0 at x = L ⇒ 0 = C1 sin(λL) L P P

B
x
Actual solution v = C1 sin(nπ )
L v
M= -Pv
x
Substituting in equation P A
− λ2C1 sin(λx) + C1 sin(λx ) = 0 P
P

EI
P B
( − λ2 )C1 sin(λx) = 0
EI
P = EIλ 2

n 2π 2 EI A
Pcr = n=1 n=2
L2
PLASTICITY REDUCTION FACTOR
• If the elastic buckling stress is more than the
yield stress, plasticity reduction factor has to
be applied. For columns, plasticity reduction
factor is applied through tangent modulus
 INELASTIC BUCKLING
• For a column with intermediate length, buckling occurs after the
stress in the column exceeds the proportional limit of the column
material and before the stress reaches the ultimate strength. This
kind of situation is called inelastic buckling

Euler Engesser π2 Et A
Pcr = 2
 Leff 
 ρ 
 
Reduced modulus theory
π2 Er I 4 EE t
Pcr = Er =
(L )
eff
2
( E + Et ) 2
 REDUCED MODULUS FORMULA

d1 d2
As load remains constant
∫σ
0
x dA = ∫ σ v dA
0
………… (1)
d1 d2
Moment equilibrium
∫σ ( y
0
x 1 + e )dA + ∫ σ v ( y 2 − e ) dA = − Pv
0
………… (2)

σ1 σ2 ………… (3)
σx = y1 σv = y2
d1 d2

Change in slope d 2v σ1 σ2
= =
dz 2 Ed 1 E t d 2 ………… (4)
 REDUCED MODULUS FORMULA
d1 d2
Equation (1) becomes d 2v d 2v
E 2
dz ∫0 y1dA − E t dz 2 ∫ y dA = 0
0
2 ………… (5)
Equation (2) becomes
d 2 v  1 2  2  
d d2 d1 d2
d v
2 
dz  0
E ∫ y1 dA + E t ∫ 2y 2
dA 

+ e 
2 
dz  0
E ∫ y1 dA + E t ∫ 2y dA  = − Pv
 ………… (6)
0  0 

Equation (5) in (6) gives

d 2v
( EI1 + E t I 2 ) = − Pv ………… (7)
dz 2
Equation (7) can be rewritten as
d 2v ………… (8)
E r I 2 + Pv = 0
dz
Solving (8) we get

π2 Er I ………… (9)
Pcr =
l e2
 EULER ENGESSER FORMULA
Equation (9) gives π2 Er I
Pcr = ………… (10)
l e2
But E r I = EI1 + E t I 2 ………… (11)

If there is no strain reversal, then entire region gets compressive stress

E r I = E t I1 + E t I 2 = E t I ………… (12)

Now Equation (10) becomes

π2 Et I ………… (13)
Pcr =
l e2
 EULER ENGESSER CURVE
Euler Engesser curve is divided in to three regions
1) Block compression
2) Short column range ( Plasticity effects)
3) Long column range (Euler buckling)
TANGENT & SECANT MODULUS
Tangent modulus
E
Et = log e ( 17 / 7 )
 3  F  n −1
 n = 1+
1 + n    F0.7 

 7  F0.7    
   F0.85 
E
Et =
  0.002 En  σ  n−1 
1 +    
  σ  σ  
  cy  cy  

Secant modulus
E
Es =
  σ 
n

1 +  0 .002 E   

  σ  σ  
  cy  
COLUMNS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

The stiffness of elastic foundation increases the buckling load and

reduces the buckling length
Critical column load
π 2 EI  βL4 
Pcr = 2  2 4 
L  m π EI  µ
β=
β L4
a
m 2 ( m + 1 )2 = 4
π EI
 CRIPPLING
•Crippling is defined as the post-buckling failure of a
axial section that is comprised of plate elements joined
together at their boundaries
•All the members subjected to axial load are to be
checked for crippling
•When local buckling takes around 0.7 - 0.8 Fcy , The
crippling stress will be same as buckling stress

Web and Flange elements

 CRIPPLING -ASSUMPTIONS

•Material is isotropic

•Material is ductile

•b/t ratio is less than 3.0

•Transverse shear is ignored

• Webs are assumed to have constant thickness

Crippling stress
 STRESS DISTRIBUTION
•As the buckling takes place, the increasing load is
transferred to the corners.
•Stress build up at the corner after the buckling is not
well understood
•Boundary restraint between flange and plate element is
unknown
 FLANGE CRIPPLING
The crippling stress is defined by dividing the failure load
at which the flange collapses by the area of the flange.

Pre-Buckled Post-Buckled

Stress distribution in a flange

 WEB CRIPPLING
The crippling of a web is similar to flange. The stress is
uniform before buckling and increases near the edge
after buckling

Stress distribution in a Post-Buckled web

 INPLANE WARPING
The post-buckled stress distribution
in a flange or web is affected by the
presence of restraints for in-plane
lateral deflections at the un-loaded
edges

Unrestrained Restrained
 WEB CRIPPLING STRESS
DISTRIBUTION

Unloaded edges free to warp

Straight unloaded edges in the plane of plate
 POST BUCKLING OF PLATES
Thick plates crippling will take place in plastic range and
for thin plates in elastic range

Stress distribution
 PREDICTION OF CRIPPLING
STRESS
1 Angle method (Needham method)
• Member is divided into number of angles
• Crippling strength is obtained by summation of
individual crippling strength
Fcs ce
=
(F E )
cy
1
n
( t)
b′
0.75

c e = 0.316 (for two edges free)

c e = 0.342 (for one edge free)
c e = 0.366 (for no edge free)
a+b
b′ = for an angle section
2
Crippling load Pcs = Fcs A

For other sections Fcs =

∑ crippling loads of angles
∑ Area of angles
 PREDICTION OF CRIPPLING
STRESS (Contd…)
2 Gerard method
For angles, V-groove plates, stiffened panels
with distorted unloaded edges 0.85
 1

Fcs  gt 2
 E  2

= 0.56    

Fcy  A   
  Fcy  
For T, H, cruciform, plates
with undistorted edges 0.40
 1

Fcs  gt 2
 E  2

= 0.67    

Fcy  A   
  Fcy  
For Z,J and channel
0.75
 2  
1
3
Fcs  t  E 
= 3.2   
Fcy  A  Fcy  
   
 CORRECTION FOR CLADDING
Maximum crippling stress
S.No Section Value
  σ cl  
1 + 3  f  1 Angles 0.7Fcy
  σ cr  
η= 2 V-groove plates Fcy
(1 + 3 f ) 3 Multi-corner 0.8Fcy
sections
f=Cladding thickness / Total thickness
=0.1 for 2024-T3 4 Stiffened panels Fcy
= 0.08 for 7075-T3
5 H, T, Cruciform 0.8Fcy

6 Z,J, Channel 0.9Fcy

 RESTRAINT BY LIPS & BULB
• Compressive buckling coefficient of a
element can be increased the presence of
lip or bulb
• Compressive buckling coefficient for a
– Plate element is 4
– Flange is 0.43
• To provide a simple support the lip and
bulb dimensions should satisfy
IL AL
2.73 3
− ≥5
bf t bf t
i.e
bL b
≤ 0.328 f For lip
tL tf
4 3 2
 Dmin      b 
  − 1.6 D min  − 0.374 Dmin  = 7.44 f 
 t
 f


 t
 f


 t
 f


t
 f

 For Bulb
 PREDICTION OF CRIPPLING
STRESS (BOEING)
• Divide the section into segments.
• For each segment, determine the ratio of the width to
the thickness (b/t)
• For each segment, determine the boundary
conditions (1EF or NEF)
• For each segment, determine the crippling stress and
crippling load based on the method of analysis
appropriate for the b/t region
• Add the contribution of the crippling load from each
segment to obtain the total crippling load
• The crippling stress is obtained by dividing the
crippling load by the calculated area
SECTION DETAILS
If t > t other
 t other
b=b +
2
If t other > t
 t
b=b +
2

Extruded / Machined


b = b + 0.57 R
Formed section
 SECTION DETAILS

t 0 + t1
t=
2

Tapered section

Stepped section
 SECTION DETAILS

 bthick 
= 3t thin   1  t f b f 
3
t thick ,cor  Rα
 bthin  Rθ =
20  b w t w3 

2
tf 
Rα = cos α + 
2  sin 2 α
Thin / thick section b 
 f 

Adjoining flange
 SECTION DETAILS
4
Bulb section
3 2
 Dmin      b 
  − 1.6 D min  − 0.374 D min  = 7.44 f 
 t   t   t  t 
 f   f   f   f 

The bulb will fall into one of the following three

categories:
1) Case 1: Diameter large enough (D > Dmin )
The flange may be considered a web (NEF) for
the purposes of the crippling analysis
2) Case 2: Intermediate diameter (2 tf < D < Dmin )
The flange may be considered as a web (NEF), but
the crippling stress for this segment (including the
bulb) will be adjusted to 70% of the stress
calculated assuming the no-edge-free condition
3) Case 3: Diameter too small (D < 2 tf )
Consider the flange as one edge-free. The area of the
bulb should be added to the flange area, and bf
should be measured to the tip of the bulb
 SHEET EFFECTIVE WIDTH
• Aircraft structures consists of
sheet and stringers together

• Sheet and stringer deform

together. Hence, the effective
sheet width has to be taken
into account in calculating the
crippling stress

• Ignoring the sheet will be over

conservative design
2
kc π 2 E  t 
Fcr = 2  
( )
12 1 − ν  b 
2
t
= 3.6E 
b
SHEET EFFECTIVE WIDTH (Contd..)
Von-Karman Sechler method

 E 
w = 1.9t  
F 
 cy 
NASA Structures manual
( E s ) skin  1 
 
2w e = Kt
( E s ) stiff  f 
 stiff  For skin & stiffener different material

 Es 
2w e = Kt  
 f  For skin & stiffener same material
 stiff 

P K = 1.3 for one edge free

f stiff =
Astiff 1.7 for no edge free
 CURVED PANEL

Pcr = P flat + Pcurved

Pcr = ( Fc ) stiff ( Ast + 4t s w e ) + ( Fc ) curved ( b − 2 w e ) t s

REGIONS OF CRIPPLING CURVE
For calculating the crippling stress, the
crippling curve is divided into three
regions based on the value of b/t:
1) Stress cutoff
2) Plastic plate buckling
3) Empirical crippling curve
JOHNSON-EULER FORMULA
COLUMN BUCKLING CURVE
 INCREASING CRIPPLING
STRESS
• Select a material with higher E and
yield stress
• Reduce b/t ratio
• Add appropriate lip or bulb to change
the edge conditions
 PLATE STRUCTURES
DEFINITION : PLATE IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER WHOSE THIRD
DIMENSION IS COMPARATIVELY SMALLER TO THE OTHER TWO
DIMENSIONS AND SUBJECTED TO NORMAL LOAD / INPLANE
LOAD

CLASSIFICATION OF PLATES:

a) Thick plate :  δ < 0.5  Load resisted by bending

t 
δ
b) Thin plate : 0 . 5 < < 5 Load is resisted by bending
and inplane actiont

c) Membrane : δ > 5 Load is resisted by tension

t
 PLATE THEORIES
• KIRCHHOFF PLATE THEORY
– Shear deformation is ignored
w = w( x, y ) ∂θ y
ε x = −z
∂w ∂x
u = −z
∂x ε y = −z x
∂θ
∂y
γ yz = γ xz = 0
∂w
v = −z  ∂θ ∂θ 
∂y γ xy = z  y − x 
 ∂y ∂x 

• MINDLIN PLATE THEORY

– Shear deformation is considered
w = w( x, y ) ∂θ
εx = z y ∂w
∂w ∂x γ yz = −θx
u=z ∂θ x ∂y
∂x ε y = −z ∂w
∂w ∂y γ xz = −θ y
v = −z  ∂θ y ∂θ x  ∂x
∂y γ xy = z  − 
∂y  ∂x 
 PLATE BENDING
Qyz Myx
My

Qxz
Mx
Mxy
dy
Mxy
z
Mx
y
dx Qxz
dz
x My
Myx Qyz
 PLATE BENDING (Contd….)
• Plate bending equation is derived based
on the following
a) Strain-displacement relation
 ∂ 2 w0 
 2 
εx   θx   ∂2x 
 ε y  = z  θ y  = − z  ∂ w20 
………….. (1)
γ  2θ   ∂y 
 xy   xy   ∂ 2 w0 
 
 ∂x ∂y 
b) Stress-strain relation
εx  1 −ν 0  σ x 
1
 ε y  = − ν ………….. (2)
1 0  σ y 
γ  E  0 0 2(1 + ν ) τ xy 
 xy 
 PLATE BENDING (Contd….)
c) Moment & Force resultants
 M x  t / 2 σ x 
 M y  = ∫ z σ y  dz ………….. (3)

 M  −t / 2 τ 
 xy   xy 
Qxz  = t / 2 τ xz dz
Q yz  −t∫/ 2 τ yz 
………….. (4)

d) Equilibrium equations
∂M xy ∂M y ………….. (5)
Q yz = +
∂x ∂y
∂M x ∂M yx
Qxz = + ………….. (6)
∂x ∂y
∂Qxz ∂Q yz
+ = −p
∂x ∂y ………….. (7)
 PLATE BENDING (Contd….)
(5) & (6) in (7) gives
∂2M x ∂ 2 M xy ∂ 2 M y
+2 + = −p ………….. (8)
∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂y 2

(3) in (8) gives

t/2  ∂ 2σ x ∂ 2σ xy ∂ 2σ y 
∫ z  2 + 2 + 2 
dz = − p ………….. (9)
−t / 2
 ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y 
Rearranging (2), we get

 
σ x  1 ν 0  ε x  ………….. (10)
σ y  = E
ν 1 0  ε y 
τ  (1 − ν ) 
2
(1 − ν )  γ xy 
 xy  0 0   
2 
(1) in (10) gives  ∂ 2 w0 
 2 
σ x   1 ν 0   ∂2x 
σ y  = − Ez 2 ν 1 ∂ w
0   20 
τ 
 
(1 − ν ) 0 0 (1 − ν )  ∂y  ………….. (11)
xy
 ∂ 2 w0 
 
 ∂x∂y 
 PLATE BENDING (Contd….)
(11) in (9) gives
t/2
Ez 2   ∂ 4 w0 ∂ 4 w0  ∂ 4 w0  ∂ 4 w0 ∂ 4 w0  
∫   4 + ν 2 2  + 2(1 − ν ) 2 2 +  4 + ν 2 2  dz = p
2 
−t / 2 1 − ν
  ∂x ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y  ∂y ∂x ∂y  

t/2
Ez 2  ∂ 4 w0 ∂ 4 w0 ∂ 4 w0 
∫ dz 4 + 2 2 2 + = p
4  ………….. (12)
−t / 2 1 − ν  ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 
2

But t/2
E Et 3

D= ∫ z 2
dz =
12(1 − ν 2 )
………….. (13)
−t / 2 1 − ν
2

(13) in (12) gives

 ∂4 ∂4 ∂4 
D 4 + 2 2 2 + 4  w0 = p
 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 

p ………….. (14)
∇ w=
4

D
 PLATE SOLUTION
Plate equation is given as
 ∂4w ∂4w ∂ 4 w  p ( x, y )
 4 + 2 2 2 + 4  = ………….. (14)
 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y  D
Assume
………….. (15)
∞ ∞
 mπx   nπy 
w( x, y ) = ∑ ∑ Amn sin   sin  
m =1 n =1  a   b 
∞ ∞
 mπx   nπy  ………….. (16)
q ( x, y ) = ∑ ∑ amn sin   sin  
m =1 n =1  a   b 
4
∂4w ∞ ∞  mπ   mπx   nπy 
= ∑ ∑ mn  A  sin   sin   ………….. (17)
∂x 4
m =1 n =1  a   a   b 
4
∂ w  nπ   mπx   nπy 
4
∞ ∞
= ∑ ∑ Amn   sin   sin  ………….. (18)
∂y 4
m =1 n =1  b   a   b 
2 2
∂4w ∞ ∞
 mπ   nπ   mπx   nπy 
= ∑ ∑ Amn     sin   sin   ………….. (19)
∂x ∂y
2 2
m =1 n =1  a   b   a   b 
 PLATE SOLUTION
(17), (18) & (19) in (14) gives
∞    mπ  4  a mn   mπx   nπy 
2 2 4
∞
  m π   nπ   n π   sin 
∑ ∑  Amn    + 2    +   −   sin  = 0 ………….. (20)
  a   a   b   b   D   a   b 
m =1 n =1

From (20), we get

  mπ  4  m π 
2
 n π 
2
 n π 
4
 amn

Amn    + 2   +   − =0 ………….. (21)
  a   a   b   b   D
amn
Amn =
π D4m 2
( a 2 +
n 2

b2) 2
………….. (22)

1 ∞ ∞ amn  mπx   nπy 

w( x, y ) = 4 ∑ ∑ 2
( )   sin 
sin ………….. (23)
π D m =1 n =1 m 2 + n 2 2
 a   b 
a b2
For uniformly distributed load (q ( x, y ) = q0 )  mπ   nπ 
sin   sin  
16 q0 ∞ ∞
 2   2 
w( x, y ) = 6 ∑ ∑
π D m =1, 3, 5,... n =1, 3, 5,...   m 2  n 2 
2

mn    +    ………….. (24)
 a   b  
For concentrated load  mπa   nπb   mπx   nπy 
sin   sin   sin   
 L  sin  L 
L  L 
4P ∞ ∞  x   y   x   y 
w( x, y ) = 4 ∑ ∑
π DL x L y m =1 n =1   m 2  n 2 
2
………….. (25)
  +   
  Lx   L y  
   
 PLATE SOLUTION
Moment   m 2 2


  +ν   n 
 a   b  
16q0 ∞ ∞
  mπx   nπy  ………….. (26)
Mx = 4 ∑ ∑ sin   sin  
π m =1,3, 5,...n =1,3, 5,...   m  2  n  2  2  a   b 
mn   +   
 a   b  
  m 2  n 2 
ν   +   
  a  b 
16q0 ∞
My = 4 ∑
∞
  sin  mπx  sin  nπy 
∑     ………….. (27)
π m =1, 3, 5,...n =1, 3, 5,...   m  2  n  2  2  a   b 
mn   +   
 a   b  

Stress
12M x z
σx = ………….. (28)
t3
12M y z
σy = 3
………….. (29)

t
 BUCKLING OF PLATES

Nx Nx b

a
Displacement

∞ ∞
 mπx   nπy 
w( x, y ) = ∑ ∑ Amn sin   sin   ………….. (1)
m =1 n =1  a   b 
Potential energy
1a b   ∂ 2 w ∂ 2 w  ∂ 2 w 2   
2 2
 ∂ 2 w ∂ 2 w    ∂w 
U + V = ∫ ∫  D  2 + 2  − 2(1 −ν )  2 −     − N x   dxdy 
2   ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y
2
 ∂x∂y     ∂x  
 
0 0

………….. (2)
2
π abD ∞ ∞ 2  m   n   π 2b
4 2 2
∞ ∞
U +V = ∑ ∑ Amn   +    − N x ∑ ∑ m 2 Amn
2
………….. (3)
8 m=1 n=1  a   b   8 m =1 n =1
BUCKLING OF PLATES (Contd..)
Differentiating
2
∂ (U + V ) π abD 4
 m   n   π 2b 2 2

= Amn   +    − N x m 2 Amn
∂Amn 4  a   b   4a
………….. (4)
Critical buckling load
2
π a D  m   n  
2 2 2 2

N Cr =   +    ………….. (5)
m  a   b  
2

kπ 2 D  mb   a 
2

N Cr = where k =  +  ………….. (6)

b2  a   mb 

Critical buckling stress 2

t
σ Cr = kπ E  
2
………….. (7)
b
END FIXITY COEFFICIENT
 BUCKLING OF PLATES
(from column formula)
π 2 EI
• Euler column formula Pcr = k
L2
………….. (1)
σ σy
εx = x − ν
E E
• Stress-strain relation σy ………….. (2)
σ
εy = −ν x
E E
• Assuming that the plate has no curvature in y direction ε y = 0
σ y = ν σx
gives
σx ………….. (3)
εx =
E
(
1− ν 2 )
• Flat plate has a smaller elongation compared to a column
2
π EI
Pcr =
(1 − ν )( L )
2
eff
2 ………….. (4)

bt 3
• For a rectangular plate L = a, I =
12
and σ cr = Pcr tb ………….. (5)

• (5) in (4) gives 2

π2 E  t 
σ cr =  
( )
12 1 − ν  a 
2 ………….. (6)
SHEAR BUCKLING OF PLATES
 SHEAR BUCKLING OF PLATES
2
• Shear buckling formula Fcs π 2
t
=k E 
η (
12 1 − ν 2
b)
METHODOLOGY
• Calculate a/b from plate dimensions measured between panel
supports
• Determine edge restraint fixity
3) Select the buckling coefficient curve for the edge condition most nearly
representing the support conditions existing, enter curve with a/b from
(1) and obtain "K" (or "k"). If the support condition is believed to be
between two conditions represented by curves, obtain "K" for both,
calculate average value or interpolate as desired.
4) Determine buckling stress from equation 12. If this stress is in the elastic
range, η = 1.0 (skip to step (5))
5) If the stress is in the plastic range, obtain the proper plasticity reduction
factor η
6) If the material is Alclad material, calculate the cladding reduction factor
 INCREASING THE BUCKLING
LOAD OF PANELS
2
Fcs π 2
t
=k E 
η (
12 1 − ν 2
)b

There are three primary effective ways to increase the

buckling load of a panel:
1) Decrease the "b" dimension of the panel
2) Increase the thickness of the panel
3) Increase the fixity of the panel supports
LINEAR BUCKLING ANALYSIS
[ K ]{ X } = λ [ K G ]{ X }
[K] – Stiffness matrix
[KG] – Geometric Stiffness matrix
{X} – Buckling shape
λ - Buckling load factor

Solution method
Lanczos method
Subspace iteration
Backward iteration
NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS
[ K L + K NL ]{ X } = [ P]
[KL] – Linear Stiffness matrix
[KNL ] – Nonlinear Stiffness matrix
{X} – Deflection vector
[P} - Load vector
Solution method
Newton-Raphson Method