1fem s1 Intro

Subject Code : TKM.
4204
The study load : 3 scs
Status : M

MEH-TM-FTUB-AA SONIEF-2013
Can explain the basic concept of the finite
element method;
Can formulate technical problems in
the model;
Can solve the problem modeling the static
and dynamic conditions.
Can explain the numerical and
computational methods to solve
mathematical problems numerically, and its
application in mechanical engineering.
Introduction (1)
The basics of the finite element method; coordinate system;
Definition strain; potential energy function; Power and
employment; strain energy; (1,2)
The principle of minimum potential energy; calculus
of variations;formulation varitional; balance formulation varisional; el
asticity;Potential energy and tensile force; (3,4)
The concept of the finite element model; MEH 1-dimensional
problem in mechanics; Model uniaxial tension elements; (5,6,7)
Modeling continuous systems with many elements; Assembly
element; the heat flow: model elements on heat flow, heat flow to
the convention. (9,10,11)
Problem 2-dimensional FEM triangular elements, coordinate
systems, coordinate transformations 3- node element assembly
isoparametrik; Quadrilateral 4-node element isoparametrik.
(12,13,14)
MEH two-dimensional problem on heat transfer and heat flow. (15)
Axisymetric stress analysis. (16)
Grandin, Hartley. Jr. Fundamentals of The Finite
Element Method. Mac Millan Publishing Company.
Yang, T.Y. Finite Element Structural Analysis.
Prentice Hall International Series.
Bathe, Klaus-Jurgen. Finite Element Procedurs.
Prentice Hall International Editions.
Zienkiewicz, O.C. The Finite Element Method.
London: Mc.Graw-Hill.
Cook, Robert D. Concepts and Aplications of Finite
Element Analysis. New York: John Willey & Sons Inc.
Knight, Charles E. The Finite Element Method in
Mechanical Design. PWS Kent Publishing Company.
Liu Yijun, 1998, Introduction Finite Element Method,
University of Cincinnati.
DILAKUKAN DENGAN KULIAH dan STUDENT
CENTER LEARNING (SCL) :
Suatu metode pembelajaran yang berintikan
pada kebutuhan peserta ajar untuk menyusun
bahasan dan target pembelajaran yang akan
dicapai sesuai dengan kurikula yang telah
ditetapkan
Quiz &UAS : 25 %
DISKUSI : 25 %
PR : 15 %
UTS : 20 %
Tugas khusus : 15 %
Koefisien Presensi terhadap NILAI TOTAL :
Presensi 75 - 100 % : 100 %
50 - 74% : 75 %
25 - 49 % : 50 %
< 25% : 25 %
Introduction and Basic Concepts
Physical problem
Change of
physical
problem
Mathematic model
Governed by differential equations
Assumptions on
-Geometry
-Kinematics
-Material law
-Loading
-Boundary conditions
-Etc.
Improve
mathematical
model
Finite element solution
Choice of
-Finite elements
-Mesh density
-Solution parameters
Representation of
-Loading
-Boundary
conditions
-Etc.

Refine mesh,
solution parameter
etc.
Assessment of accuracy of finite
element solution of mathematical
model
Finite
element
solution of
mathematical
model
Interpretation result
Refine
analysis
The process
of finite
element
analysis

Design improvements
Structural optimization
1.0 Computational Methods
Mathematical Models
A model is a symbolic device built to
simulate and predict aspects of behavior of a
system.
Abstraction of physical reality
Implicit vs. Explicit Modelling
Implicit modelling consists of using existent
pieces of abstraction and fitting them into the
particular situation (e.g. Using general
purpose FEM programs)
Explicit modelling consists of building the
model from scratch
1. Finite Difference Discretization
The solution is discretized
Stability Problems
Loss of physical meaning
2. Finite Element Discretization
The problem is discretized
Physical meaning is conserved on elements
Interpretation and Control is easier
1. Linear System Solution Algorithms
Gaussian Elimination
Fast Fourier Transform
Relaxation Techniques

2. Error Estimation and Convergence
Analysis

Two interpretations
1. Physical Interpretation:
The continous physical model is divided into
finite pieces called elements and laws of
nature are applied on the generic element.
The results are then recombined to represent
the continuum.
2. Mathematical Interpretation:
The differetional equation reppresenting the
system is converted into a variational form,
which is approximated by the linear
combination of a finite set of trial functions.
Elements are defined by the following
properties:
1. Dimensionality
2. Nodal Points
3. Geometry
4. Degrees of Freedom
5. Nodal Forces

Discretization-----
use smaller elements to represent
objects with
more complex geometry.

Approximation-----
may not satisfy all boundary conditions
exactly,
but may satisfy in an integral sense.
1-D 2-D
3-D ?-D
Hybrid
Numerical Interpolation
Non-exact Boundary Conditions
Structural & Stress Analysis
Thermal Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Acoustic Analysis
Electro-Magnetic Analysis
Manufacturing Processes
Fluid Dynamics
Etc.
Turn differential equations into algebraic equations!!!
1 2
1 2 '
x x
) x ( f ) x ( f
x
f
f

= =
A
A
2 / ) x x (
x x
) x ( f ) x ( f
x x
) x ( f ) x ( f
x
f
f
1 3
1 2
1 2
2 3
2 3
'
' '
= =
A
A
2
1
2
1
x
x
x
x
dx
du
a v dx vf
dx
du
dx
dv
a 0
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
}
( ) ( )
=
=
n
1 j
j j
x x u o
Simple mechanical problem
Introduction of basic mechanical concepts
Introduction of governing equations
Mechanical concepts used in mathematical
derivation
Hookes Law:

where

Strain Energy Density:
dx
du
x = ) ( c
) ( ) ( x E x c o =
) ( ) (
2
1
x x c o = O
Integrating over the Volume of the Bar:

All quantities may depend on x.
dx EAu u U
dx u EAu dx p dV U
L
L L
V
}
} } }
=
= = =
0
0 0
' '
2
1
' ) ' (
2
1
2
1
2
1
c oc
Due to applied external loads
1. The distributed load q(x)
2. The point end load P. This can be
included in q.

External Energy:

}
=
L
dx qu W
0
The unknown strain Function u is found by
minimizing the TPE functional described
below:
)] ( [ )] ( [ )] ( [ x u W x u U x u
or
W U
= H
= H
A FEM model in solid
mechanics can be thought of
as a system of assembled
springs. When a load is
applied, all elements deform
until all forces balance.
F = Kd
K is dependant upon
Youngs modulus and
Poissons ratio, as well as
the geometry.
Equations from discrete
elements are assembled
together to form the global
stiffness matrix.
Deflections are obtained by
solving the assembled set of
linear equations.
Stresses and strains are
calculated from the
deflections.
Create elements
of the beam
d
xi 1
d
xi 2
d
yi 1
d
yi 2
1
2
4 3
Nodal displacement and forces
Analysis of solids
Static Dynamics
Behavior of Solids
Linear Nonlinear
Material
Fracture
Geometric
Large Displacement
Instability
Plasticity
Viscoplasticity
Geometric
Classification of solids
Skeletal Systems
1D Elements
Plates and Shells
2D Elements
Solid Blocks
3D Elements
Trusses
Cables
Pipes

Plane Stress
Plane Strain
Axisymmetric
Plate Bending
Shells with flat elements
Shells with curved elements
Brick Elements
Tetrahedral Elements
General Elements

Elementary
Advanced
Stress Stiffening
[K] {u} = {F
app
} + {F
th
} + {F
pr
} + {F
ma
} + {F
pl
} + {F
cr
} +
{F
sw
} + {F
ld
}
[K] = total stiffness matrix
{u} = nodal displacement
{F
app
} = applied nodal force load vector
{F
th
} = applied element thermal load vector
{F
pr
} = applied element pressure load vector
{F
ma
} = applied element body force vector
{F
pl
} = element plastic strain load vector
{F
cr
} = element creep strain load vector
{F
sw
} = element swelling strain load vector
{F
ld
} = element large deflection load vector
Basic equation for a static analysis is as follows:
Step 1 - Discretization: The problem domain is
discretized into a collection of simple shapes, or
elements.
Step 2 - Develop Element Equations: Developed using
the physics of the problem, and typically Galerkins
Method or variational principles.
Step 3 - Assembly: The element equations for each
element in the FEM mesh are assembled into a set of
global equations that model the properties of the
entire system.
Step 4 - Application of Boundary Conditions: Solution
cannot be obtained unless boundary conditions are
applied. They reflect the known values for certain
primary unknowns. Imposing the boundary conditions
modifies the global equations.
Step 5 - Solve for Primary Unknowns: The modified
global equations are solved for the primary unknowns
at the nodes.
Step 6 - Calculate Derived Variables: Calculated using
the nodal values of the primary variables.
Displacements DOF constraints usually
specified at model boundaries to define rigid
supports.
Forces and Moments Concentrated loads
on nodes usually specified on the model
exterior.
Pressures Surface loads usually specified
on the model exterior.
Temperatures Input at nodes to study the
effect of thermal expansion or contraction.
Inertia Loads Loads that affect the entire
structure (ex: acceleration, rotation).
Start
Problem
Definition
Pre-processor

Reads or generates
nodes and elements
(ex: ANSYS)
Reads or generates
material property data.
Reads or generates
boundary conditions
(loads and
constraints.)
Processor

Generates
element shape
functions
Calculates master
element equations
Calculates
transformation
matrices
Maps element
equations into
global system
Assembles
element equations
Introduces
boundary
conditions
Performs solution
procedures
Post-processor

Prints or plots
contours of stress
components.
Prints or plots
contours of
displacements.
Evaluates and
prints error
bounds.
Analysis and
design decisions
Stop
Step 1, Step 4
Step 6
Steps 2, 3, 5

1fem s1 Intro

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Subject Code : TKM.

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