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An Illustrative Example : Students Placement
Cell System of University/ Institute
Requirement Number
Requirements
Req1001 Placement cell system keeps a list of the students.
Req1002
Placement cell system provides and maintains the students account for placement.
Req1003
A students must provide details like registration number, marks, and year of studying, academic
background, social background, other activities etc to students information provider.
Req1004
The company representative must provide company packages for students of B. Tech., M. Tech and
MCA, MBA and eligibility criteria for each company.
Req1005
Students information provider provides Students details to Company representative.
Req1006
Company representative provides the date of the group discussion, interviews and written exam
to the notifier.
Req1007
Notifier notifies the date of the group discussion, interviews and written exam to students.
Req1008
A students can view the previous placement details for previous registered companies.
Req1009
Database manager provide system specific requirements such as security, access control,
performance, priorities etc.
Req1010 Interface is user friendly and operations is reliable.
An Illustrative Example : Students Placement
Cell System of University/ Institute
Requirement Number
Requirements
Req1011
Placement manager provide the details regarding course offer by the institute, duration of the
course, grading/ division scheme, admission scheme etc to the company manager.
Req1012
Placement manager provide Institute rule regarding the number of job has offered to students i.e.
expiry of students eligibility when he has offered two jobs.
Req1013
Placement manager sends the details of recruitment to database manager.
Req1014
Database manager verifies the recruitment result and provides this detail to students information
provider about selected students.
Req1015
Students information provider inform the students and updates the students details like students
job count and student status.
Req1016 Placement manager is responsible for starting the application.
Req1017
A student interacts with the students information provider, to know where he has chance of being
recruited.
Req1018
Database manager provides the details to forecaster about previous year selected students and
companies criteria.
Req1019
Students information provider provides the details of students to forecaster.
Req1020
Forecaster sends the forecast for eligible student list to the students information provider.
An Illustrative Example : Students Placement Cell System of University/ Institute
Requirement Number Requirements
Req1021 Students information provider informs this information to students.
Req1022 Placement manager provides the details about institute rules regarding placement and student to database manager.
Req1023
Students provides his/her details like registration number, how many jobs he/she has, year of joining, marks
(semester-wise) to database manager.
Req1024
Company manager provides the details about date, time of test, time of interview, and eligibility criteria to database
manager.
Req1025 Company manager provides the shortlisted students to placement manager.
Req1026
Notifier accesses the information regarding the companies from database manager and provides the notification
date, time of test, time of interview to the displayer.
Req1027 Database manager gathers the companies details and sends the information to notifier.
Req1028 A students interact with the Forecaster, to know where he has more chance of being recruited.
Req1029 Company manager shortlist the eligible students and informs to placement manager.
Req1030
Students information provider gets the data of selected students and updates the students job count and student
status.
Req1031
Database manager updates the selected students information regarding their recruitment details like which
companies he got selected etc.
Req1032
For new user, first instruction about what are the various required data entries and in what format they should be
given are displayed and after that actual processing of information is done.
Req1033 The proper ordering of database is required.
Req1034 For forecasting the reports about previous year-wise recruitment details are needed.
Req1035 For students, it will be helpful if companys information is provided in detail.
An Illustrative Example : Students Placement
Cell System of University/ Institute
Identification of Actor/Role

The total number of Actor/Role in the Placement Cell system is Rn = 7.
i.e. Rn ={ R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6,R7}
where,
R1 = Placement_Manager
R2 = Displayer / Notifier
R3 = Database_Manager
R4 = Company_ Representative
R5 = Forecaster
R6 = Students information provider
R7 = Students

Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) are a graphical/representation of
systems and systems components.

An Example

Draw the DFD for a distance education university.
The enrolment process works as follows:

1. Students send in an application form containing their personal
details, and their desired course.

2. The university checks that the course is available and that the
student has necessary academic qualifications.

3. If the course is available the student is enrolled in the course,
and the university confirms the enrolment by sending a
confirmation letter to the student.
OR
4. If the course is unavailable the student is sent a rejection letter.
Steps for DFD
1. people/organisations/things that supply information
to or use information from the system external
entities (EE)

2. Actions/doing words/verbs => Processes (P)

3. Movement/exchange of information/data between
external entities to processes, and processes to
processes => data flows (DF)

4. store/record information/data => data stores(DS)
In Example
1. A student (EE) sends in an application form (DF) containing
their personal details, and their desired course.

2. The university checks (P) that the course is available.

3. If the course is available the student is enrolled (P) in the
course, and the university confirms (P) the enrolment by
sending a confirmation letter (DF) that they are registered
for the course to the student.
OR
4. If the course is unavailable the student is sent a rejection
letter (DF).
Context Diagram or 0 Level DFD
External entity Student

Processes - Check available, Enrol student, Confirm Registration

Data Flows - Application Form, Course Details, Course Enrolment
Details, Student Details, Confirmation/Rejection Letter

Data Stores - Courses, Students.
1 Level DFD
Creating Data Flow Diagrams
1. Create a list of activities
Example
Think through the activities
that take place at a lemonade
stand.
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment
Produce Product
Store Product

Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Example
Also think of the additional
activities needed to support
the basic activities.
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment
Produce Product
Store Product
Order Raw Materials
Pay for Raw Materials
Pay for Labor

1. Create a list of activities
Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Example
Group these activities in
some logical fashion,
possibly functional areas.
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment

Produce Product
Store Product

Order Raw Materials
Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

1. Create a list of activities
Creating Data Flow Diagrams
0.0
Lemonade
System
EMPLOYEE CUSTOMER
Pay
Payment
Order
Context Level DFD
Example
Create a context level
diagram identifying the
sources and sinks (users).
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment

Produce Product
Store Product

Order Raw Materials
Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

VENDOR
Payment
Purchase Order
Production Schedule
Received Goods
Time Worked
Sales Forecast
2. Construct Context Level DFD
(identifies sources and sink)
Product Served
Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Level 0 DFD
Example
Create a level 0 diagram
identifying the logical
subsystems that may exist.
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment

Produce Product
Store Product

Order Raw Materials
Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

3. Construct Level 0 DFD
(identifies manageable sub processes )
2.0
Production
EMPLOYEE
Production
Schedule
1.0
Sale
3.0
Procure-
ment
Sales Forecast
Product Ordered
CUSTOMER
Pay
Payment
Customer Order
VENDOR
Payment
Purchase Order
Order
Decisions
Received Goods
Time Worked
Inventory
Product Served
4.0
Payroll
Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Level 1 DFD
Example
Create a level 1
decomposing the processes
in level 0 and identifying
data stores.
4. Construct Level 1- n DFD
(identifies actual data flows and data stores )
1.3
Produce
Sales
Forecast
Sales Forecast
Payment
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment

Produce Product
Store Product

Order Raw Materials
Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

1.1
Record
Order
Customer Order
ORDER
1.2
Receive
Payment
PAYMENT
Severed Order
Request for Forecast
CUSTOMER
Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Level 1 DFD
Example
Create a level 1
decomposing the processes
in level 0 and identifying
data stores.
4. Construct Level 1 (continued)
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment

Produce Product
Store Product

Order Raw Materials
Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

2.1
Serve
Product
Product Order
ORDER
2.2
Produce
Product
INVENTORTY
Quantity Severed
Production
Schedule
RAW
MATERIALS
2.3
Store
Product
Quantity Produced &
Location Stored
Quantity Used
Production Data
Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Level 1 DFD
Example
Create a level 1
decomposing the processes
in level 0 and identifying
data stores.
4. Construct Level 1 (continued)
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment

Produce Product
Store Product

Order Raw Materials
Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

3.1
Produce
Purchase
Order
Order Decision
PURCHASE
ORDER
3.2
Receive
Items
Received
Goods
RAW
MATERIALS
3.3
Pay
Vendor
Quantity
Received
Quantity On-Hand
RECEIVED
ITEMS
VENDOR
Payment Approval
Payment
Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Level 1 DFD
Example
Create a level 1
decomposing the processes
in level 0 and identifying
data stores.
4. Construct Level 1 (continued)
Time Worked
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment

Produce Product
Store Product

Order Raw Materials
Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

4.1
Record
Time
Worked
TIME CARDS
4.2
Calculate
Payroll
Payroll Request
EMPLOYEE
4.3
Pay
Employe
e
Employee ID
PAYROLL
PAYMENTS
Payment Approval
Payment
Unpaid time cards
Process Decomposition
4.1
Record
Time
Worked
4.2
Calculate
Payroll
4.3
Pay
Employe
e
3.1
Produce
Purchase
Order
3.2
Receive
Items
3.3
Pay
Vendor
2.1
Serve
Product
2.2
Produce
Product
2.3
Store
Product
1.1
Record
Order
1.2
Receive
Payment
2.0
Production
1.0
Sale
3.0
Procure-
ment
4.0
Payroll
0.0
Lemonade
System
Level 0 Level 1 Context Level