Komdat Tugas #01

08-03-2014

1
Petunjuk:

1. Silakan diskusi dan bekerja sama dalam kelompok.
2. Setiap kelompok terdiri dari 2 mhs (silakan pilih sendiri pasangan anda).
3. Diskusi dg kelompok lain boleh, tapi pastikan jangan copy-paste, tidak ada toleransi plagiat.
4. Tuliskan NIM, Nama, dan Tanda Tangan kedua-dua anggota kelompok.
5. Hasil pekerjaan diterima paling lambat hari ini Sabtu 08-03-2014 pukul 21.00 WIB.

Tugas berupa belajar bersama dan membuat ringkasan terhadap materi di bawah.
Ringkasan dibuat dalam 1 halaman A4 (kuarto) saja, font/ukuran huruf bebas.
Boleh ketik komputer
Boleh tulis tangan kemudian scan (dengan format PDF)
Boleh tulis tangan kemudian foto dg camera
Kemudian kirim email ke sunargm@yahoo.com

Catatan:
Ringkasan mewakili semua materi, tapi bukan berarti semua materi ditulis dalam ringkasan.
Buat serapi dan sejelas mungkin file yang dikirim, baik ketik komputer, tulis tangan, scan,
atau foto camera.


Selamat belajar
Chapter 1

Introduction to Data
Communications

Terminology
When we communicate, we are sharing information.
Data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed by the parties
creating and using the data.
Data communications is the exchange of data between two
devices via transmission medium.
Terminology
Communication based on distance.
1. Local communication usually occurs face-to-face.
2. Remote communication takes place over distance.
Telecommunication (includes telephony, telegraphy, television)
means communication at a distance.
Fundamental characteristics
The effectiveness of data comm system depends on three
fundamental characteristics;
1. DELIVERY. The system must deliver data to the correct
destination. (addressing, routing)
2. ACCURACY. The system must deliver data accurately.
(error detection and correction)
3. TIMELINES. The system must deliver data in a timely
manner. (delay)
Content
Data Comm Components
Data Representation (text, number, image,
audio, video)
Direction of Data Flow (simplex, half-duplex,
full-duplex)
Transmission Mode
- Parallel
- Serial (synchronous, asynchronous)
Transmission Media Speed
Data Comm Components
Data Comm system has 5 components;
1. MESSAGE: the information (data) to be communicated.
It can consist of text, numbers, images, sound, video (or any
combinations).
2. SENDER: the device that send the data message.
It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video
camera, and so on.
3. RECEIVER: the device that receives the message.
It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video
camera, and so on.
4. TRANSMISSION MEDIUM: the physical path by which a
message travels from sender to receiver.
It could be twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable,
radio waves.
Data Comm Components
Data Comm system has 5 components;
5. PROTOCOL: set of rules that governs data comm.
It represent agreement between comm devices.
Without protocol, two devices may be connected but can not
communication.
Protocol ~ Language
Saya hanya boleh
cakap dan paham
Bahasa Melayu
iki sakjane ono
opo tho, kok ora
mudheng blaz
connected but can not communicate
Content
Data Comm Components
Data Representation (text, number, image,
audio, video)
Direction of Data Flow (simplex, half-duplex,
full-duplex)
Transmission Mode
- Parallel
- Serial (synchronous, asynchronous)
Transmission Media Speed
Data Representation
Information today comes in different forms, such as;
1. TEXT
2. NUMBERS
3. IMAGES
4. AUDIO
5. VIDEO
1. Text
In data comm, text is represented as a bit pattern,
a sequence of bits (0s and 1s).
Different sets of bit patterns have been designed to represents
text symbols.
Each set is called code.
Process of representing symbols is called coding.
Code :
1. ASCII ( 7 bits for each symbol)
2. Extended ASCII ( 8 bits for each symbol)
3. EBCDIC ( 8 bits for each symbol)
4. Unicode (16 bits for each symbol)
5. ISO (32 bits for each symbol)
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Developed by ANSI (American National
Standards Institute).
This code uses 7 bits for each symbol.
This means 128 = 2
7
different symbols can
be defined.
5/6/2014 14
ASCII Code
Please encode I & You using ASCII Code
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASCII uses 7 bits for each symbol, this
means 128 = 2
7
different symbols can be
defined.
Extended ASCII uses 8 bits for each symbol,
this means different symbols can be
defined
EBCDIC
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

Developed by IBM (International Bussiness
Machines Corporation).
This code uses 8 bit for each symbol
This means 256 = 2
8
different symbols can
be defined.
EBCDIC
Pleasea encode
I & You using
EBCDIC Code
Code (still exist ?):
1. Baudot
2. Morse
Baudot
Developed by Emil Baudot
This code uses 5 bit for each symbol
This means 32 = 2
5
different symbols can be
defined.
Baudot
Code
Baudot
Morse Code
Combination of dot and dash.
2. Numbers
Numbers are also represented by using bit patterns.
However, a code such as ASCII is not used to represent
numbers, the number is directly converted to a binary
number.

The reason is to simplify mathematical operations on numbers.
All the numbering systems examined here are positional,
meaning that the position of a symbol in relation to other
symbols determines its value.

Within a number, each symbol is called a digit:
- Decimal digit (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
- Binary digit = bit (0, 1)
- Octal digit (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
- Hexadecimal digit (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)

3. Images
Numbers today are also represented by bit patterns.
However, the mechanism is different.

An image is divided into a matrix of pixels (picture elements),
where each pixel is a small dot. Then each pixel assigned a
bit pattern

Size of pixel depends on resolution.
Higher resolution is need more memory.
Size and value of the pattern depend on the image;
- Black, white (pure) 0, 1
- Black, dark gray, light gray, white 00, 01, 10, 11
- Color RGB @ 8 bits

4. Audio
Audio is representation of sound.
Audio is by nature different from text, numbers, or images.
It is continuous, not discrete.
We can change audio to digital or analog signal.
5. Video
Video can be produced either as a continuous entity (e.g., by
TV camera), or it can be combination of images (each a
discrete entity, arrange to convey the idea of motion).
We can change video to digital or analog signal.
Content
Data Comm Components
Data Representation (text, number, image,
audio, video)
Direction of Data Flow (simplex, half-duplex,
full-duplex)
Transmission Mode
- Parallel
- Serial (synchronous, asynchronous)
Transmission Media Speed
Direction of Data Flow
Communication between two devices can be ;
- Simplex
- Half-duplex
- Full-duplex
Simplex: One direction only
Simplex
host computer
terminal
first one way....
terminal
...then the other
Half-Duplex
Both directions,
but only one direction at a time
send and receive both directions at once


Full-Duplex
Content
Data Comm Components
Data Representation (text, number, image,
audio, video)
Direction of Data Flow (simplex, half-duplex,
full-duplex)
Transmission Mode
- Parallel
- Serial (synchronous, asynchronous)
Transmission Media Speed
5/6/2014 TJ 2013 - Komunikasi Data 32
Transmission mode





R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r

r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

Each bit has its own piece of wire along which it travels

Often used to send data to a printer

1. Parallel Transmission


S
e
n
d
e
r

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
d

All bits are sent simultaneously
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1

Sender transmitted
Data is transmitted on a single channel, one bit at a
time one after another
- Much faster than parallel because of way bits
processed (e.g. USB and SATA drives)


Receiver received
2. Serial Transmission
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
2a. Synchronous
Bit stream is combined into longer block data
which may contain multiple bytes.
Each byte without a gap between each other.
Receiver responsible to separate the block data
into bytes for decoding purposes.

all data sent at once

Synchronous
SYN Characters
Several bits add into block of data.
Purposes;
To ensure the line is active as long as
transmission time.
To ensure status of sender and receiver are
active
To maintain rate of transmission.
Uses start/stop bits for each byte
Allow gap between data unit
2b. Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Synchronous
Higher data rate
Efficient of control bit

Asynchronous
Most common type of serial data transfer
Allows packet switching
Allows sharing of bandwidth (i.e. talk on phone
while another person is using internet)
Content
Data Comm Components
Data Representation (text, number, image,
audio, video)
Direction of Data Flow (simplex, half-duplex,
full-duplex)
Transmission Mode
- Parallel
- Serial (synchronous, asynchronous)
Transmission Media
Transmission Media
Twisted pair telephone cable
Coaxial cable thick black cable used for
higher bandwidth communications than
twisted pair
Fibre optic data transferred through
pulses of light. Extremely fast.
Non cable methods such as satellite,
microwave, wireless and bluetooth.
Bandwidth:
The amount of data which can be transmitted on a
medium over a fixed amount of time (second). It is
measured on Bits per Second or Baud

Bits per Second (bps):
A measure of transmission speed. The number of bits
(0 or 1) which can be transmitted in a second

Baud Rate:
Is a measure of how fast a change of state occurs (i.e.
a change from 0 to 1)
Components

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
Private Branch Exchanges PBXs, Key Systems
Telcos AT&T, Bell Telephone, Sprint, Telus
DataPac & DataRoute Packet switching and analog
switching WAN protocols
Cell Relay Digital packet switching WAN protocol
Frame Relay Digital packet switching WAN protocol
X.25 Analog packet switching WAN protocol
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode WAN protocol
World Wide Web Hypertext-based multimedia system
ADSL Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line

45
Analog and Digital
Transmissions
Graphical Symbols
Circles Network Operating Systems
Squares Communication & cabling protocols (OSI
Transport to Physical Layer)
Storm Clouds Telecommunications media or
Information Providers that connect to the Internet
Machine symbol Network "linker" can be a bridge,
router, brouter or gateway
Jagged haphazard dotted line - the Internet