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Heredity is the transfer of characteristics, anatomical, as well as biochemical, from generation to generation. The information that determines external and internal characteristics was thought to reside in genes located inside the chromosomes. Nucleic Acids are chains, composed of a base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate.
Heredity is the transfer of characteristics, anatomical, as well as biochemical, from generation to generation. The information that determines external and internal characteristics was thought to reside in genes located inside the chromosomes. Nucleic Acids are chains, composed of a base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate.
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Heredity is the transfer of characteristics, anatomical, as well as biochemical, from generation to generation. The information that determines external and internal characteristics was thought to reside in genes located inside the chromosomes. Nucleic Acids are chains, composed of a base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate.
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Téléchargez comme PPT, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
different molecules, all of these molecules are made up of the same 20 amino acids, just arranged in different sequences. Within the same species, individuals may have some differences in their proteins, thus lack of certain proteins that normal people have or because the sequence of their amino acids is somewhat different. How cells know which proteins to synthesize out of the extremely large number of possible amino acid sequences? The answer is that an individual gets the information from its parent through heredity. Heredity is the transfer of characteristics, anatomical, as well as biochemical, from generation to generation. > The transmission of hereditary occurs on the molecular level. Biologists suspected that the transmission of hereditary information from one generation to another generation took place in the nucleus of the cell. More precisely, they believe that structures within the nucleus, called chromosomes have something to do with heredity. What are the Molecules of Heredity?
Heredity is based on genes
located in chromosomes.
Genes are section of DNA that
encode specific RNA molecules. Different species have different number of chromosomes in the nucleus.
The information that determines external and
internal characteristics was thought to reside in genes located inside the chromosomes. Nucleic Acids
Two kinds of Nucleic Acids:
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA is present in the chromosomes of the nuclei of the eukaryotic cells. RNA is not found in the chromosomes, but rather is located elsewhere in the nucleus and even outside the nucleus, in the cytoplasm. Both DNA and RNA are polymers. Nucleic acids are also chains. The building blocks of nucleic acid chains are nucleotides. Composed of a base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate. What are Nucleic Acids made of?
• In DNA, the heterocyclic amine bases are adenine (A),
guanine (G), cytosine ( C ), and Thymine (T). • In RNA, they are A, G, C, and uracil (U). • In DNA, the sugar is monosaccharide 2-deoxy-D-ribose; in RNA, it is D-ribose. • Nucleoside a compound composed of ribose or deoxyribose and a base. • Nucleotide a nucleoside bonded to one, two, or three phosphate groups. • Nucleic acids are giant molecules with backbones made of alternating units of sugar and phosphate. The bases are side chains joined by B-N-glycosidic bonds to the sugar units. What is the Structures of DNA and RNA? • DNA is made of two strands that form a double helix. The sugar-phosphate backbone runs on the outside of the double helix, and the hydrophobic bases point inward. • Complementary pairing of the bases occurs in the double helix, such that each A on one strand, and each G is hydrogen bonded to a C. No other pairs fit. • DNA is coiled around basic protein molecules called histones. Together they form nucleosomes, which are further condensed into chromatin. • The DNA molecules carries, in the sequences of its bases, all the information is passed from parent cell to daughter cells, the sequence of the parents DNA is copied. What are the Different Classes of RNA?
There are six kinds of RNA:
Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Small nuclear RNA (snRNA), Micro RNA (miRNA), Small interfering RNA (siRNA) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are involved in all protein synthesis. Small nuclear RNA is involved in splicing reactions and has been found in some cases to have catalytic activity. RNA with catalytic activity is called a ribozyme. The Roles of Different Kinds of RNA
RNA Type Size Function
Directs amino acid sequence mRNA Variable of proteins Transports amino acids to site tRNA Small of protein synthesis.
rRNA Several kinds- Combines with proteins to
form ribosomes, the site of variable in size protein synthesis. Processes initial mRNA to its snRNA Small mature to form in eukaryotes.
Affects gene expression;
miRNA Small important in growth and development. Affects gene expression; used siRNA Small by scientists to knock out a gene being studied. What are Genes?
A gene is a segment of a DNA
molecule that carries the sequences of bases that directs the synthesis of one particular protein or RNA molecule. DNA in higher organisms contains
sequences, called introns, that do
not code for proteins. The sequences that do code for
proteins are called exons.
How is DNA Replicated? DNA replication occurs in several distinct steps. The superstructures of chromosomes are initially loosened be acetylation of histones. Topoisomerases relax the higher structures. Helicases at the replication fork separate the two strands of the DNA. RNA primers and primases are needed to start the synthesis of daughter strands. The leading strand is synthesized continously by DNA polymerases. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously as Okozaki fragments. DNA ligase seals the nicks and the Okazaki fragments. Sample of DNA Replication: Hemophilia