4A Torque Wrenches-1

Quick Training Topic

KTC TRAINING
DEPARTMENT
PRESENTS
Diesel Engine Overhaul
Section 4A
Torque renc! Pri"er
#
CDI Torque Products Industrial Training
Presents
a Torque Seminar

4A Torque Wrenches-

According to We!ster -

Torque"

A t#isting or #renching e$$ect

e%erted !& a $orce acting at a
distance on a !od&' equal to
the $orce multi(lied !& the
(er(endicular distance
!et#een the line o$ action o$
the $orce and the center o$
rotation at #hich it is e%erted)
The de$inition o$ Torque
In English PLEASE !!

4A Torque Wrenches-4
The $ormula $or Torque

Torque is directl& (ro(ortionate #hen

$igured at right angles)
L x F = T
Length times Force = Torque

4A Torque Wrenches-*
A Torque e%am(le

E%am(le" A t#o $oot lever at a right angle to the

$astener #ith +,, (ounds at the end #ill (roduce
4,, $oot-(ounds o$ torque)
./ength0 % 1/orce02T/orque0
+3 .ength
+,, l!s)
1orce
4,, $t) l!s)
o$ torque

4A Torque Wrenches-4
Torque 5nits

Torque i$ e%pre$$e& in 'ot!

(engt! an& )eig!t unit$*

1 $t) l!) 2 1+ in) l!s)

1 in) l!) 2 14 in) o6s)

+nit$ ', )!ic! torque i$

"ea$ure& can 'e con-erte&
to ot!er unit$ )it!out actua((,
c!anging t!e torque -a(ue*

4A Torque Wrenches-7
Torque vs) 1riction

4./0../ to
o-erco"e 1riction
o1 !ea& $ur1ace*

Onl& 1,8 o$
$orce is used to
stretch !olt)

2./04./ to
o-erco"e 1riction
o1 t!rea&$*

4A Torque Wrenches-9

When stretched' the $astener tries to

maintain its original si6e)

Internal tension is clam(ing $orce)

Clam(ing $orce) /Pre-load0

:& the use o$ a $astener' #e3re tr&ing to

ma;e t#o (ieces act as one)

The greater the tension' the greater the

clam(ing $orce)
What are #e tr&ing to accom(lish<

4A Torque Wrenches-=

I$ the clam(ing $orce o$ the $astener is

greater than an& outside $orce a((lied
to the >oint' then the !olt and the
$astened items #ill remain as a single'
solid unit) /?o movement occurs in
relationshi( to each other)0
Clam(ing 1orce

4A Torque Wrenches-1,
Clam(ing 1orce

@e(eated stretching and rela%ing o$ the

!olt can eventuall& cause metal $atigue
and su!sequent $ailure o$ the $astener)

Ai!ration is common in man& $astened

>oints) The stress' rela%' stress' rela%
c&cle re(eated man& times can cause
an im(ro(erl& tightened $astener to
quic;l& $ail)

4A Torque Wrenches-11
Torque Wrench Sa$et&
These (recautions should al#a&s !e ta;en
#hen using an& torque #rench to avoid
(ossi!le in>ur&"
3
@ead instruction manual com(letel& !e$ore
using torque #rench)
3
Sa$et& glasses or goggles should !e #orn at all
times #hen using an& hand tool)
3
Al#a&s (ull' DO ?OT P5SB' to a((l& torque
and ad>ust &our stance to (revent a $all should
something sli()

4A Torque Wrenches-1+
Torque Wrench Sa$et&
3
A Ccheater !arD should ?EAE@ !e used on a
torque #rench to a((l& e%cess leverage)
3
Do not use #ith soc;ets or $asteners sho#ing
#ear or crac;s)
3
@atchet mechanism ma& sli( or !rea; i$ dirt&'
mismatched or #orn (arts are used)
3
Ea;e sure direction lever is $ull& engaged)

4A Torque Wrenches-1
Torque Wrench 5se

Should never !e used in e%cess o$ it3s ca(acit&)

Torque #renches should !e Ce%ercisedD several

times !e$ore use)

The #rench selected should !e cali!rated in the

same torque units that are s(eci$ied)

The required torque value should !e !et#een

+,-1,,8 o$ the #rench ca(acit&)

5se o$ a Ccheater !arD #ill result in an

inaccurate reading and can (ossi!l& damage
the #rench)


4A Torque Wrenches-14
Torque Wrench 5se

Al#a&s gri( handle $irml& in the center)

A((roach $inal torque slo#l& and evenl&)

Sto( (ulling immediatel& #hen torque is

reached)

?ever use a clic; torque #rench to !rea;

$asteners loose)

Should !e cleaned and stored (ro(erl&)

Should al#a&s !e stored at it3s lo#est setting)

Wrenches should !e re-cali!rated i$ dro((ed)

4.
Pro(er Tightening Sequence
When tightening !olts
in a $lange (attern'
the (ro(er tightening
sequence is ver&
im(ortant) When
tightened in a criss-
cross (attern as
sho#n here' an even
(reload distri!ution is
achieved)

4A Torque Wrenches-14
Torque Wrench Selection

Clic; t&(e /Eicrometer ad>usta!le0

Clic; t&(e / Pre-Set non-ad>usta!le0

Dial t&(e

Scre#driver

Electronic

4A Torque Wrenches-17
Torque Wrench Selection

Items to consider
3
Ada(ters
3
T&(e o$ #rench
3
Accurac& range
3
Conversion to other units
3
Condition and lu!ricit& o$ the $astener/s0
3
Tools and Procedures
45
Foint @ate Simulator
This device is used in
con>untion #ith a
tester to determine
the torque out(ut o$ a
non-im(act rotar&
tool) :& stac;ing the
!elleville #ashers in
set (atterns' the >oint
rate simulator can
simulate so$t' medium
or hard >oints)

4A Torque Wrenches-+,
The ChardC Foint
E%am(les
1 Bard material
+ So$t material
1
+
1 1
6ar& 7oint
te$ting
torque
8/9
Ang(e o1
rotation
8:9
All a((lications
#here &ou3ll
$ind a hard
material
directl& !elo#
the !olt' are
called ChardD
>oints
The CBardD Foint

4A Torque Wrenches-+1
The GGSo$tC Foint
When there is a
(lia!le material
directl& !elo# the
!olt' the
a((lication is
called Cso$tC >oint)
E%am(les
1 So$t material
+ Bard material
1
1
+
;$o1t 7oint
te$ting
torque
8/9
Ang(e o1
rotation
8:9

4A Torque Wrenches-++
A$$ects o$ $riction

4A Torque Wrenches-+
Saving #eight and cost
Similar load ca(acit&
1-+C -9C
6ig! ten$i'(e
'o(t< gra&e =
Stan&ar&
'o(t<gra&e .

4A Torque Wrenches-+4
5nits
1 $t) l!) 2 1+ in) l!)
1 in) l!) 2 14 in) o6
1 ?m 2 1, d?m
1 d?m 2 1, c?m
1 m;g 2 1,, cm;g
International
S&stem
?m
Eetric
m;g
English
$t) l!)

4A Torque Wrenches-+*
ISO 479=
Test @egulations
Accurac& shall !e #ithin the range o$
+,8 to 1,,8 o$ the ma%imum torque
value o$ the #rench)
Test (oints at +,8' 4,8' 1,,8
readings (er test (oint in each direction

4A Torque Wrenches-+4
Standard Torques
All bolts and nuts in Kubota engines should be tightened to a
specific torque.
It the manual does not list the torqueH
use the standard torque chart !elo#)

4A Torque Wrenches-+7
Torque Wrench Primer

A torque )renc!
accurate(,
"ea$ure$ t!e
torque or t)i$ting
1orce app(ie& to a
nut or 'o(t to
tig!ten it proper(,*
!en u$e&
proper(,< a torque
)renc! can !e(p
a-oi& &a"aging
t!e 1a$tener or t!e
part$ )it! )!ic!
t!e 1a$tener
interact$

4A Torque Wrenches-+9
Torque Wrench Primer

T!ree t,pe$ o1 torque )renc!e$ can 'e

u$e&> &irect rea&ing< &ia( an& "icro
a&?u$ting 8$igna(ing< c(ick9* T!e
$e(ection o1 t!e proper torque )renc! i$
nece$$ar, to o'tain correct rea&ing$*

It i$ not unco""on to !a-e at (ea$t t)o

torque )renc!e$ !an&, )it! &i11erent
gra&uation$< 'ecau$e torque )renc!e$
are "o$t accurate at t!eir "i& $ca(e
rea&ing*

4A Torque Wrenches-+=
Torque Wrench Primer

A(( torque )renc!e$ $!ou(& 'e c!ecke&

perio&ica((, 1or accurac,* Torque
)renc!e$ $!ou(& 'e ca(i'rate& at (ea$t
once a ,ear< e-er, 4@<@@@ torque$ or
$ooner i1 t!e, !a-e 'een $u'?ecte& to
a'nor"a( !an&(ing or $torage< i*e*< t!e
"icro a&?u$ting 8$igna(ing< c(ick9 t,pe
"u$t 'e $tore& )it! t!e $ca(e $et at
Aero 1or accurac, to 'e "aintaine&*

4A Torque Wrenches-,
Torque Wrench Primer
Converting Measurements

It i$ -er, ea$, to con-ert 1ro" inc!0poun&$ to 1oot0

poun&$ ', u$ing a 1actor o1 4#* T!ere i$ 4# inc!0
poun&$ 1or e-er, 1oot0poun&* I1 a 1oot0poun& torque
)renc! i$ u$e& 1or a 'o(t t!at require$ 5@ inc!0
poun&$< t!e con-er$ion )ou(& 'e attaine& ', &i-i&ing
t!e 5@ inc!0poun&$ ', 4#* T!i$ )ou(& 'e a'out =
1oot0poun&$* But i1 ,our )renc! range$ 1ro" @0#@@
1oot0poun&$< t!i$ "ea$ure"ent )ou(& 'e 1ar 1ro" t!e
"i& $ca(e nu"'er an& !ence not -er, accurate*
T!ere i$ no ea$, )a, to con-ert to SAE 1ro" "etric
un(e$$ on t!e $ca(e o1 t!e torque )renc!* Be -er,
care1u( )!en con-erting a$ "i$take$ can cau$e
&a"age*

4A Torque Wrenches-1
Torque Wrench Primer
Use a Torque Wrench Carefully

Mo$t torque )renc!e$ are not Ctorque

(i"itingC too($* T!e, )i(( not pre-ent ,ou 1ro"
app(,ing "ore torque t!an $et*

Do not continue pu((ing on t!e )renc! pa$t

t!e 'ea" torque rea&ing or t!e au&i'(e c(ick
on t!e "icro"eter t,pe )renc!* T!i$ i$
e$pecia((, i"portant 1or t!e (o)er torque
$etting$*

Dearn !o) &i11erent a"ount$ o1 torqueE$

C1ee(<C $o ,ou )i(( re&uce t!e po$$i'i(it, o1
&a"age an&For in?ur, &ue to acci&enta( o-er
torquing*
2#
T,pe$ o1 Torque renc!e$
Dia( In&icator T,pe
Direct Rea&ing Bea" T,pe
Signa(ing or C(ick T,pe

4A Torque Wrenches-
Torque Wrench Primer

This type of torque wrench uses a dial indicator as the measurement output
device. It is highly accurate and often used in research and engineering
applications. The user sets a indicator mark on the dial and torques to the mark.

One advantage of this type of torque wrench is the ability to apply torque in
both directions. When removing fasteners it is good to determine the
CBreaking TorqueD or the point which the fastener begins to move. While not
!""# accurate this can give you an indication if the fastener is too tight or too
loose. If the breaking torque is much higher or lower than specification this
may be the clue of failure.

4A Torque Wrenches-4
Torque Wrench Primer

!en u$ing t!i$ too( to app(, torque to a 1a$tener< t!e 'ea"

'en&$< )!i(e t!e pointer re"ain$ $traig!t< in&icating &irect(,
on t!e $ca(e p(ate !o) "uc! torque< in 1oot0poun&$ an&
Ne)ton0 "eter$< i$ 'eing app(ie&* !en torque i$ re(ea$e&<
t!e 'ea" $traig!ten$ an& t!e pointer return$ to Aero* T!i$
torque )renc! 1eature$ an i"pact0re$i$tant !an&(e t!at
concentrate$ t!e 1orce ,ou app(, at a 1(oating pi-ot point 1or
greate$t po$$i'(e accurac,*

4A Torque Wrenches-*
Torque Wrench Primer

A $igna(ing or "icro0a&?u$ting t,pe torque )renc!

in&icate$ )!en t!e pre$et torque -a(ue !a$ 'een
reac!e& ', re(ea$ing t!e !an&(e 1or a 1e) &egree$
o1 1ree tra-e(* T!i$ re(ea$e or Cgi-eC nor"a((,
acco"panie& ', an au&i'(e Cc(ickC $igna( an& te(($
t!e operator to $top app(,ing pre$$ure*

4A Torque Wrenches-4
Torque Wrench Primer

T!e $igna(ing or "icro0a&?u$ting torque )renc! i$ t!e "o$t

co""on torque )renc! in u$e at equip"ent $!ip$* !en
u$e& i"proper(, it can 'e t!e "o$t inaccurate*

Be1ore u$ing a torque )renc!< rea& t!e operating

in$truction$* Di11erent 'ran&$ o1 )renc!e$ "a, !a-e
&i11erent proce&ure$ to 1o((o)*

+$e t!e 1o((o)ing Ke, Point$ to a$$i$t ,ou in getting t!e

"o$t accurate re$u(t$ 1ro" ,our torque )renc!G

4A Torque Wrenches-7
Torque Wrench Primer
Selecting the @ight Torque Wrench

4* A(( "ec!anica( torque )renc!e$ are ca(i'rate& 1ro" #@/ to

4@@/ o1 1u(( $ca(e< t!ere1ore< t!e, $!ou(& ne-er 'e u$e& 'e(o) or
a'o-e t!o$e (i"it$*

#* To &eter"ine )!ic! torque )renc! capacit, i$ 'e$t $uite& 1or an

app(ication< "an, 1actor$ "u$t 'e con$i&ere&* 6o)e-er< a$ a
reco""en&ation< u$e t!e torque )renc! in t!e "i&&(e .@/ o1 t!e
o-era(( capacit, o1 t!e too(* T!i$ )i(( re$u(t in (onger too( (i1e< ea$e o1
u$e ', t!e operator an& increa$e& accurac, 1ro" t!e c(icker t,pe
torque )renc!*

A torque #rench is most accurate in the mid-range o$ its scale* It

i$ o1ten nece$$ar, to !a-e "ore t!an one torque )renc! 1or t!e ?o' to
co"p(, )it! t!e "i& range ru(e*

4A Torque Wrenches-9
Torque Wrench Primer

2* T!ere are no u$er0$er-icea'(e part$ in$i&e t!e )renc!*

Di$a$$e"'(ing t!e )renc! or "aking an, a&?u$t"ent$ )i((
re$u(t in t!e (o$$ o1 accurac, an& )i(( -oi& t!e )arrant,*

4* I1 per"anent "arking o1 ,our )renc! i$ a'$o(ute(,

nece$$ar,< "ark on(, t!e $ca(e p(ate< !an&(e< or !ea&*** &o
not $ta"p* De1acing t!e 'ea" in an, )a, )i(( a11ect
accurac, or re$u(t in 'ea" 1ai(ure*

.* A torque )renc! i$ a preci$ion in$tru"entH !an&(e an&

$tore& )it! care* Do not t!ro) it aroun&< !a""er )it! it< or
u$e it a$ a pr, 'ar*

I* T!e )renc! i$ (u'ricate& 1or (i1e an& $!ou(& not 'e oi(e&*
T!e on(, e%ception i$ t!e ratc!et !ea& t!at "a, 'e
(u'ricate& a$ nee&e& 1or $"oot! operation*
25
Torque Wrench Primer
:e$ore I A$ter 5sing the Torque
Wrench

4A Torque Wrenches-4,
Torque Wrench Primer

J* I1 t!e torque )renc! !a$ not 'een u$e& or !a$ 'een in

$torage 1or $o"e ti"e< Ce%erciseD it a "ini"u" o1 t!ree
ti"e$ at 4@@/ o1 1u(( $ca(e 'e1ore u$e* P(ace a 1a$tener in
a -ice an& torque a 'o(t at 4@@/ o1 it$ torque* T!i$
re(ea$e$ an interna( (u'ricant to coat t!e interna( )orking
part$* I1 t!i$ i$ not &one< t!e torque )renc! "a, not 'e
accurateG

4A Torque Wrenches-41
Torque Wrench Primer

=* Keep t!e )renc! at it$ (o)e$t torque $etting

)!en not in u$e*

5* Torque )renc!e$ are &e$igne& 1or "anua(

tig!tening o1 t!rea&e& 1a$tener$ on(,* Do not u$e
t!e )renc! a$ a nut 'reaker or 1or an, ot!er
purpo$e*

4A Torque Wrenches-4+
Torque Wrench Primer

4@* T!rea&$ on
'o(t$< nut$< an&
ot!er "ating
co"ponent$
$!ou(& 'e c(ean
an& $"oot!* A
(u'ricant app(ie& to
t!e t!rea&$ an&
un&er t!e !ea& o1
'o(t$ )i(( pro&uce
"ore accurate an&
con$i$tent re$u(t$*



4A Torque Wrenches-4
Torque Wrench Primer

44* Ne-er torque a 1a$tener t!at i$ a(rea&,

tig!tene&* Doo$en it 1ir$t< t!en retorque to
t!e &e$ire& -a(ue* T!e $a"e app(ie$ to
1a$tener$ t!at )ere acci&enta((, o-er
torque&*
44
Torque Wrench Primer
5sing the Torque Wrench

4A Torque Wrenches-4*
Torque Wrench Primer
4#* !i(e app(,ing torque< t!e )renc! $!ou(&
'e !e(& KNDL BL T6E GRIP*
42* Ne-er app(, "ore torque t!an t!e
"a%i"u" $ca(e rea&ing*
44* Approac! 1ina( torque $(o)(, an& e-en(,*
A ?erk o1 t!e )renc! )i(( cau$e o-er
torquing e-en on a c(icker t,pe )renc!G
4.* Do not u$e Cc!eater 'ar$C 8a piece o1
pipe p(ace& o-er t!e !an& grip9*

4A Torque Wrenches-44
Torque Wrench Primer
4I* K-er torque& or &e1ecti-e 1a$tener$ an& $ocket$ "a, $u&&en(, 'reak*
Ratc!et$ or p(ain &ri-e$ t!at are i"proper(, engage&< )orn out<
&a"age&< or o-er torque& "a, $(ip or 'reak* To pre-ent in?ur,< keep
proper 1ooting at a(( ti"e$* Do not u$e t!e )renc!e$ in p(ace$ 1ro"
)!ic! ,ou "a, $(ip or 1a((< or aroun& rotating "ac!iner,*
4J* At !ig! torque rea&ing$< i1 'ot! !an&$ are nece$$ar, to app(, enoug!
pre$$ure to operate t!e )renc!< !o(& t!e grip in one !an&< an& put t!e
ot!er !an& on t!e top o1 t!e 1ir$t !an&< ne-er on t!e )renc! 'o&,*
4=* Turn t!e nut or 'o(t ,ou are tig!tening )it! an e-en< $tea&, pu((<
app(,ing e-en pre$$ure* A$ turning re$i$tance increa$e$< turn "ore
$(o)(,* Mor accurac,< t!e nut or 'o(t "u$t 'e in "otion )!en t!e 1ina(
torque "ea$ure"ent i$ "a&e*

4A Torque Wrenches-47
Torque Wrench Primer
1=) I1< a$ ,ou approac! t!e 1ina( correct torque
rea&ing< ,ou !ear or 1ee( a CpoppingC or
C$nappingC noi$e or $en$ation 1ro" t!e
1a$tener< it cou(& "ean t!at t!e 1a$tener i$
$eiAing or ga((ing* Re"o-e t!e 1a$tener an&
c!eck 1or 1oreign "atter or 'urr$ on t!e
t!rea&$* C(ean t!e t!rea&$ i1 nece$$ar,* Lou
"a, )ant to con$i&er u$ing an app(ication o1
anti0ga(( (u'ricant* Si"p(, re"o-ing an&
retorquing t!e 1a$tener "a, $u11ice*

4A Torque Wrenches-49
Torque Wrench 5se
Attachments
At ti"e$< it i$ i"po$$i'(e
or i"practica( to u$e
regu(ar $ocket$< 8a goo&
e%a"p(e i$ )!en ,ou
are torquing a &e(i-er,
-a(-e on an in?ection
pu"p9< an& a $pecia(
attac!"ent "u$t 'e
u$e&* Suc!
attac!"ent$ c!ange t!e
ca(i'ration o1 t!e
torque )renc!< an& it i$
nece$$ar, to ca(cu(ate
t!e correct torque
$etting$ u$ing t!e
1or"u(a at (e1t*
?ote"
Regu(ar 8concentric9 $ocket e%ten$ion$ )!ic! e%ten& &irect(,
un&er t!e &ri-e !ea& a(ong t!e a%i$ o1 t!e &ri-e &o
not a11ect t!e ca(i'ration o1 t!e torque )renc!*
6an&(e e%ten$ion$ 8a piece o1 pipe put onto t!e )renc!
to "ake torquing ea$ier9
S6K+DD NKT BE +SED un&er an, circu"$tance$*
T!eir u$e )i(( re$u(t in erroneou$ torque rea&ing$<
an& "a, &a"age t!e grip or t!e a&?u$ting "ec!ani$"*

4A Torque Wrenches-4=
Torque Wrench 5se

+$e t!e
c!art at
(e1t to
con-ert to
ot!er
unit$ o1
"ea$ure
"ent*

4A Torque Wrenches-*,
The End