A PROJECT REPORT

ON
SOLAR STREET LIGHT
SOLAR STREET LIGHT

GUIDED BY: - PREPARED BY:-
MR.Y.N KANWAR 1) DIWAN SAIEDSA YASINSA - 116220309540
2) PATEL AKIB HAFIZ IBRAHIM - 116220309512
3) MULLA MAHIR ABDULKADAR - 116220309511
4) PATEL MONARK KANUBHAI - 116220309520
The Project
Entitled
SOLAR STREET LIGHT

SUBMITTED IN
PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

DIPLOMA ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
INDA
MAY-2014
GOVT.POLYTECHNIC, CHHOTAUDEPUR
DEPARTMENT OF DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL

CERTIFICATE
This is Certified that the following Student of Diploma in Electrical Engineering6th
Semester at this institute has satisfactorily carried out their project work in the subject of
entitled SOLAR STREET LIGHT Under our guidance & Supervision for the term MAY-JUNE
2014.

Name:- EN. No.
1) DIWAN SAIEDSA YASINSA - 116220309540
2) PATEL AKIB HAFIZ IBRAHIM - 116220309512
3) MULLA MAHIR ABDULKADAR - 116220309511
4) PATEL MONARK KANUBHAI - 116220309520


Signature of Guide Head of Department
INDEX
SR.NO Name
1. INDEX
2. LIST OF MATERIAL
3. WORKING
4. COST OF MATERIAL
5. HOW TO SELECT
6. CONCLUSION
7. BIBILOGRAPHY
Solar photovoltaic system is the use of solar photovoltaic effect of
semiconductor materials, the solar radiation directly into a new
electricity generating system. Photovoltaic power generation system is to
convert solar energy into electrical energy generation system, the use of
the photovoltaic effect. The main components of PV systems are solar
cells, batteries, controller and inverter.

Second, the classification of photovoltaic power generation system
solar photovoltaic power generation system is divided into separate grid
photovoltaic systems and solar photovoltaic systems.

Independent solar photovoltaic solar lighting generation is not
connected with the grid power generation, typical night in need of
batteries to store electricity for energy. Independent of solar photovoltaic
power generation is mainly used within the civilian remote villages, such
as home systems, village-level solar photovoltaic power plant; mainly
used within the industry of telecommunications.

ABSTRACT
satellite broadcasting TV, solar water pumps, the availability of
wind power and small hydropower The region also could form
hybrid power systems, such as wind power / solar power
complementary systems.

Grid solar PV solar PV power is connected to the national power
grid in the way of a supplementary network, is not typical of the
battery. Section 2 Composition of photovoltaic power generation
system

Solar power system consists of solar batteries, solar controller,
battery (group). If the output power AC 220V or 110V, also need to
configure inverter.
SOLAR STREET LIGHT system is a affordable costing project it
project for not required heavy engineering workshop. Raw materials are
easily available in local market. It projects for more information also
available in website and books so this project for we discuss with our
group, friend circle, and our professors and after all conveyance regards
this project and after granted this project to our collage. We got
permission for this project after we started construction and assembly of
this project.
HOW TO SELECT
Solar street light sunlight for energy
#
Beijing Tianzhu sun during the
day to the battery charging solar panels, battery to the load power use at
night. Let's us see solar street light of the related introduction. Solar
street light to make practical use of the solar-generated energy, the
electricity is most often fed into the electricity grid using inverters (grid-
connected photovoltaic systems); in stand-alone systems, batteries are
used to store the energy that is not needed immedi



INTRODUCTION
LIST OF MATERIAL
We started our project for we survey some types of using materials for
our project. Before we make project collect air required listing as under
material.
Sr. No

Name of
parts
Size in
mm
Qty.N
OS.
Cost
Rs.
Remarks
1. Clamp 01
A. MANUFACTURING PARTS



Sr.
No


Name of parts

Size in
mm
Qty.N
OS.
Cost
Rs.
Remarks
1. PVC Pipe 01 250
2.

Solar Plate 12 Volt
01 4500
3.

Recharge ble

Battery 12 Volt
1200
4.

LDR Sensor
30
5. CFL Tube 80
6.

Inverter Choke
1050
7.

Rectifier Circuit
200
8.

On/Off Switch
10
B. PURCHASE PARTS

WORKING
Working of Solar Street Lights
The solar street lights use solar energy, a form of the renewable energy.
These days it is common to see the solar street lamps along the sides of
roads. The solar street lights comprise of the photovoltaic cells, which
absorb the solar energy during daytime. The photovoltaic cells convert
solar energy into electrical energy, which is stored in the battery. At the
nighttime the lamp starts automatically and it consumes the electricity
already stored in the battery. During the day time the battery gets
recharged and the process keeps on repeating every day.

Solar power system consists of solar batteries, solar controller, battery
(group). If the output power AC 220V or 110V, also need to configure
inverter. The role of each part as follows:

Solar panels: solar panel solar lighting system is a core part of the
solar system is part of the highest value. Its role is to convert the
sun's
radiation to electrical energy, stored in batteries or sent to, or
promotes the
work load. Solar panels will directly determine the quality and cost
of quality
and cost of the entire system.

Solar Controller: Solar controller's role is to control the entire
system
state, and played a battery charge protection, over discharge
protection. In
the large temperature difference, the controller should have
qualified
temperature compensation function. Other additional features such
as light-
control switch, control switch when the controller should be
optional.
Battery: lead-acid batteries generally, small micro-systems, can also
be used nickel metal hydride batteries, nickel cadmium batteries or
lithium batteries. Its role is when there is light emitted by solar energy
stored up, and then released when needed.

Inverter: In many occasions, will need to provide 220VAC, 110VAC
AC power source. As a direct output of solar lighting energy are
generally 12VDC, 24VDC, 48VDC. In order to provide the 220VAC
electrical power, solar power system needs to be issued by the DC energy
into AC power, so need to use the DC-AC inverter. In some cases, you
need to use a variety of voltage, load, also used DC-DC inverter, such as
the electrical energy
1.1 Solar power system

Solar cell and battery components of the system power supply unit, so
the system directly affects the battery performance

(1) Battery Unit
As technology and material reasons, a single cell generating capacity
is very limited, practical solar cells in a single cell by series and parallel
to form a battery system, called the battery components (arrays). Single
cell is a silicon diode, according to the electronic characteristic of
semiconductor materials, when the sun light shines from the P-type and
N-type conductivity of two different types of homogenous composition
of semiconductor materials when the PN junction, under certain
conditions, solar radiation absorbed by the semiconductor material in the
conduction band and valence band of non-equilibrium carrier generation
is electron and hole. Barrier at the PN junction with the existence of
strong built-in area electrostatic field, which can be formed in the light of
the current density J, short-circuit current Isc, open circuit voltage Uoc.
If the sides of the built-in electric field leads to the electrode and
connected to the load, by the PN junction theory, the connection circuit
and the load form the loop, there is "photo-current" flows through the
solar modules to achieve the power of the load P output. Theoretical
studies have shown that the peak power of solar modules Pk, by the local
solar radiation intensity and the end of the average electricity load
(electricity demand) decisions.
(2) Electrical energy storage unit:
Solar cells produce direct current into the battery before storage, the
battery characteristics of the system's efficiency and features. Battery
technology is very mature, but its capacity to take power by the end of
the sunshine time (generation time) effects. Watt-hour battery capacity
and therefore the amount of the intended consecutive An Shirring no
sunshine decision.
1.2 Controller
Controller's main function is to make solar power system is always in the
vicinity of the maximum power generation in order to obtain maximum
efficiency. The charges control usually the PWM pulse width modulation
control, so that the whole system is always running at maximum power
point Pm near the area. Discharge control mainly refers to when the
battery power shortage, system failures, such as open or reversed when
the battery cut off switch. Currently both Hitachi developed a tracking
control point Pm, and can track the sun moving parameter of the
"sunflower" type of controller, the efficiency of the fixed battery
components increased by 50% Or so.


1.3 DC-AC inverter

Inverter by incentives can be divided into self-excited oscillation inverter
and his excited oscillation inverter. Main function is to reverse the
battery's DC into AC. Through the full bridge circuit, generally
modulated SPWM processor, filter, boost, etc., are with the lighting load
frequency f, the rated voltage matches the sinusoidal alternating current
UN and other end users for the system.

PARTS DETAIL
SOLAR PLATE
Whether on a solar-powered calculator or an international space
station, solar panels generate electricity using the same principles of
electronics as chemical batteries or standard electrical outlets. With solar
panels, it's all about the free flow of electrons through a circuit.
To understand how solar panels generate electrical power, it might
help to take a quick trip back to high school chemistry class. The basic
element of solar panels is the same element that helped create the
computer revolution pure silicon. When silicon is stripped of all
impurities, it makes a ideal neutral platform for the transmission of
electrons.
Silicon also has some atomic-level properties which make it
even more attractive for the creation of solar panels.SOLAR
CELLS, How They Work The solar cell offers a limitless and
environmentally friendly source of electricity. The solar cell, is able
to create electricity directly from photons. A photon can be thought
of as a packet of light and the amount of energy in a photon is
proportional to the wavelength of light
Solar Cell Structure
A. Encapsulate - The encapsulate, made of glass or other
clear material such clear plastic, seals the cell from the external
environment.

B. Contact Grid- The contact grid is made of a good
conductor, such as a metal, and it serves as a collector of
electrons.


C. The Antireflective Coating (AR Coating)- Through a
combination of a favorable refractive index, and thickness, this layer
serves to guide light into the solar cell. Without this layer, much of the
light would simply bounce off the surface.

D.N-Type Silicon - N-type silicon is created by doping (contaminating)
the Si with compounds that contain one more valence electrons* than Si
does, such as with either Phosphorus or Arsenic. Since only four
electrons are required to bond with the four adjacent silicon atoms, the
fifth valence electron is available for conduction.

E. P-Type Silicon- P-type silicon is created by doping with compounds
containing one less valence electrons* than Si does, such as with Boron.
When silicon (four valence electrons) is doped with atoms that have one
less valence electrons (three valence electrons), only three
electrons are available for bonding with four adjacent silicon
atoms, therefore an incomplete bond (hole) exists which can attract an
electron from a nearby atom. Filling one hole creates another hole in a
different Si atom. This movement of holes is available for conduction.

A photon's path through the solar cell.
After a photon makes its way through the encapsulate it
encounters the antireflective layer. The antireflective layer channels the
photon into the lower layers of the solar cell. Click on the following link
if you would like to learn about SPECMAT's novel room temperature
wet chemical growth antireflective layer (RTWCG - AR).
Once the photon passes the antireflective layer, it will either hit
the silicon surface of the solar cell or the contact grid metallization. The
metallization, being opaque, lowers the number of photons reaching the
Si surface. The contact grid must be large enough to collect electrons yet
cover as little of the solar cell's surface, allowing more photons to
penetrate.

F. Back Contact - The back contact, made out of a metal, covers the
entire back surface of the solar cell and acts as a conductor.
[
A valence electron is an electron found in the outermost electron shell.
An element containing more valence electrons will try to donate valence
electrons to an element containing fewer valence electrons.
A light-dependent resistor alternatively called an LDR, photo resistor,
photoconductor, or photocell, is a variable resistor whose value decreases
with increasing incident light intensity.

An LDR is made of a high-resistance semiconductor. If light falling on
the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the
semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the
conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner)
conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.


LDR:
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. In
intrinsic devices, the only available electrons are in the valence
band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the
electron across the entire band gap, Extrinsic devices have
impurities added, which have a ground state energy closer to the
conduction band - since the electrons don't have as far to jump,
lower energy photons (ie, longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device.

Two of its earliest applications were as part of smoke and fire
detection systems and camera light meters. Because cadmium
sulfide cells are inexpensive and widely available, LDRs are stiD
used in electronic devices that need light detection capability, such
as security alarms, street lamps, and clock radios
Also known as a photoconductive cell or light dependent resistor.
(LDR) A device whose resistance decreases with exposure to light.
Solar Street Lights are immensely useful as standalone source of light on
streets and in premises, gardens and industrial complexes.
It is a packaged solar powered outdoor lighting system which provides Easy
and quick way of tapping the solar power.
The system is very easy to install needing no special skills, tools or Expertise.
It provides a steady source of light in areas where conventional
Sources of mains utility are erratic, unreliable or unobtainable.
It is independent and self-contained and hence needs no extra wiring or
cables.
It saves on costly transmission losses.
As the Earth's resources become increasingly scarce, increasingly based
on investment costs of energy rising, and a variety of safety and Pollution
problems can be said to be everywhere. Solar energy as a "Inexhaustible"
security, environmental protection and new energy Sources more and more
attention. Thus, solar water heaters with solar Lighting products came into
being after the popular, where the solar Street lamps and light effects in
using the circuit for practical Comparison.
ADVANTAGE
Green energy and sustainable development issues facing humanity
this century is a major issue, the development of new energy, full of
rational use of existing energy has been great attention of Governments.
Solar power as an inexhaustible supply of clean green energy will be an
unprecedented development. With the solar energy industry and
technology development process of the deepening of its efficiency, cost
will be increased, which includes all areas, including BIPV will be
widely used, it will greatly promote China's "Green Lights" fast
Development
CONCLUSION