1.

Definition of Admixtures and Additive

The Definition of admixture and additive are same.
An admixture is defined as a material other than water,
hydraulic cement, and aggregates that used as an
ingredient of concrete and is added to the batch
immediately before or during mixing concrete.
The difference between admixtures and additives is
additives are added to cement during manufacturing to
get new property for cement and admixtures are added
to mix during mixing to get new property to the fresh
concrete.

To improve workability of fresh concrete
To improve durability by entrainment of air
To reduce the water required
To accelerate setting & hardening & thus to produce high early
strength
To cause dispersion of the cement particles when mixed with
water
To improve wear resistance (hardness)
To offset / reduce shrinkage during setting & hardening
To cause expansion of concrete and automatic prestressing of
steel
To aerate mortar / concrete to produce a light-weight product
To impart colour to concrete
To offset or reduce some chemical reaction
To reduce bleeding



A. Chemical Admixtures
1. Water-reducing admixtures
Concrete containing a water-reducing
admixture needs less water to reach a required
slump than untreated concrete.The treated
concrete can have a lower water-cement ratio.
This usually indicates that a higher strength
concrete can be produced without increasing
the amount of cement. Water-reducing
admixtures can be used to increase set time in
hot weather.


Retarding admixtures slow the setting rate of
concrete. High
temperatures often cause an increased rate of
hardening which
makes placing and finishing difficult. Retarders
keep concrete
workable during placement and delay the initial
set of concrete.
Retarders are beneficially used in hot weather
conditions in order to
overcome accelerating effects of higher
temperatures and large
masses of concrete on concrete setting time.



In the concrete Accelerating admixture
use to increase the rate of early strength
development, reduce the time required for
proper curing , and speed up the start of
finishing operations. Accelerating
admixtures are especially useful for
modifying the properties of concrete in
cold weather.






Fly Ash
Concrete made with fly ash creates a denser
product because the size of the pores are
reduced. This increases strength and reduces
permeability.
Silica Fume
When silica fume is added to fresh concrete it
chemically reacts with the CH to produces
additional CSH. The benefit of this reaction is
twofold; increased compressive strength and
chemical resistance.

The application of pozzolanic in Portland cement is
mainly controlled by the local availability of suitable
deposits and the competition with the accessible
industrial by-product supplementary cementitious
materials. In part due to the exhaustion of the latter
sources and the extensive reserves of pozzolana
available, partly because of the proven technical
advantages of an intelligent use of pozzolana, their
use is expected to be strongly expanded in the future.




ASTM C 494, Standard Specification for Chemical
Admixtures for Concrete, classifies admixtures into
seven types as follows:
Type A : Water reducing admixture (Plasticizer)
Type B : Retarding Admixture
Type C : Accelerating Admixture
Type D : Water Reducing and Retarding Admixture,
Type E : Water Reducing and Accelerating Admixture,
Type F : Water Reducing and High Range Admixture,
Type G : Water Reducing, High Range and Retarding


Cementitious
eg :Blast Furnace Slag
Pozzolanic
Eg: Fly ash
Silica Fume
Rice Husk

1. Chemical admixtures

These admixtures are used for following purposes:
To achieve a higher strength by decreasing the water
cement ratio at the same workability as an admixture
free mix.
To achieve the same workability by decreasing the
cement content so as to reduce the heat of hydration in
mass concrete.
To increase the workability so as to ease placing in
accessible locations



Type B Retarding Admixtures
Retarding admixtures are use to slow
the hydration process therefore the set time
of concrete. This is especially useful for
counteracting the effects of high temperatures,
which cause concrete to harden at a faster rate.
Since most retarders also act as water
reducers, they are often called water-reducing
retarders.

An admixture which, when added to
concrete, mortar, or grout, increases the rate
of hydration of hydraulic cement, shortens
the time of set in concrete, or increases the
rate of hardening or strength development.

Retarding admixtures cause a
decrease in the hydration rate of hydraulic
cement and an decrease in the setting time of
concrete. Retarders are used to offset the
effect of high temperature and improve the
workability of concrete in warmer
temperatures. Benefits of retarders include
reduced cold joints and better finish in hot
weather.

An admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing
water required to produce concrete of a given slump
and speeds up the setting and early strength
development of concrete.


An admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing
water required to produce concrete with consistency by
12 percent



Type G Water-reducing, high-range, and
retarding admixtures.

a. Cementitious

These have cementing properties
themselves. For example:
Ground granulated blast furnace slag
(GGBFS)


b. Pozzolanic
A pozzolan is a material which, when combined
with calcium hydroxide (lime), exhibits cementitious
properties. Pozzolans are commonly used as an addition
(the technical term is "cement extender") to Portland
cement concrete mixtures to increase the long-term
strength and other material properties of Portland
cement concrete and in some cases reduce the material
cost of concrete. The Examples are
Fly ash
Silica Fume
Rice Husk




Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is the
granular material formed when molten iron blast
furnace slag (a by-product of iron and steel
making) is rapidly chilled (quenched) by
immersion in water. It is a granular product,
highly cementitious in nature and, ground to
cement fineness, hydrates like Portland cement.
d. Fly Ash

The finely divided residue resulting from the
combustion of ground or powdered coal. Fly ash is
generally captured from the chimneys of coal-fired
power plants; it has pozzolanic properties, and is
sometimes blended with cement for this reason.
Fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon
dioxide (SiO2) (both amorphous and crystalline)
and calcium oxide (CaO).

e. Silica Fume

It is highly active and combine with calcium hydroxide,
the soluble product of cement hydration, to form more
calcium slicate hydrate. This is the insoluble product of
cement hydration. These are used to replace a part of
portland cement in concrete mixes.
Silica fume is a by product resulting from the
manufacture of ferro silicon alloys and silicon metal in
electric arc furnaces. Both fly ash and silica fume have been
important in the production of high strength cement.When
these are used, then we will refer to water cementitious
material ratio rather than water cement ratio.

f. Rice Husk Ash

This is a bio waste from the husk left from
the grains of rice. It is used as a pozzolanic
material in cement to increase durability and
strength.
The silica is absorbed from the ground and
gathered in the husk where it makes a
structure and is filled with cellulose. When
cellulose is burned, only silica is left which is
grinded to fine powder which is used as
pozzolana.



The benefits derived from the use of
admixtures including coloring, extended set time,
greater concrete strength, improved reduction in
water and cement requirement, reduced bleed-
water, increased flow for the same water-to-cement
ratio, easier pumping, water-proofing, improved
fire resistance, cracking control, lower density, and
greater workability. The primary benefit of a
particular admixture is generally self-evident from
the type of admixture, such as a retardant or a
water reducer admixture.

When using admixtures, and particularly
combinations of admixtures in the concrete, requires
attention knowledge in order to utilize admixtures
successfully and avoid compromising the finished
concrete.
Admixtures just change the performance of concrete
by modifying its characteristics but they cant change
the quality of concrete.
Some admixtures may have a questionable impact on
the environment. Super-plasticizers, for example,
may pollute groundwater and surface waters.

1. An admixture is defined as a material other than ,
.. , and aggregates that used as an ingredient of
concrete and is added to the batch immediately before
or during mixing concrete.
2. . are beneficially used in hot weather
conditions in order to overcome accelerating effects of
higher temperatures and large masses of concrete on
concrete setting time.
3. Mention types of admixture based on ASTM C 494 !
4. When is added to fresh concrete it chemically
reacts with the CH to produces additional CSH. The
benefit of this reaction is twofold; increased
compressive strength and chemical resistance.
5. . cause a decrease in the hydration rate of
hydraulic cement and an increase in the setting time of
concrete.