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Soft computing (SC)

Objective:
Mimic human (linguistic) reasoning

Main constituents:
- Fuzzy systems
- Neural networks
- Evolutionary computing
- Probabilistic reasoning
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Constituents of SC
Fuzzy systems => imprecision
Neural networks => learning
Probabilistic reasoning => uncertainty
Evolutionary computing => optimization
Over 24 000 publications today
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SC: a user-friendly interface
Soft computing
approach
Linguistic world
Soft data
Interpretations
Understanding
Explanations
Qualitative methods
Bivalent or multivalent
reasoning
Mathematical world
Hard data
Quantitative methods
Bivalent reasoning
Phenomenon under study
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Advantages of SC
Models base on human reasoning.
Models can be
- linguistic
- simple (no number crunching),
- comprehensible (no black boxes),
- fast when computing,
- good in practice.
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SC today (Zadeh)
Computing with words (CW)
Theory of information granulation
(TFIG)
Computational theory of perceptions
(CTP)
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Possible SC data & operations
Numeric data:
5, about 5, 5 to 6, about 5 to 6
Linguistic data:
cheap, very big, not high, medium or bad
Functions & relations:
f(x), about f(x), fairly similar, much greater
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Neural networks (NN, 1940's)
Neural networks offer
a powerful method to
explore, classify, and
identify patterns in
data.
Website of Matlab
Neuron: y=w
i
x
i

Inputs
Neurons
(1 layer)
Outputs
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Machine learning (supervised)
Pattern recognition
based on training
data.
Classification
supervised by
instructor.
Neural (crisp or
fuzzy), neuro-fuzzy
and fuzzy models.
Peach
Plum
?
Instructor
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Machine learning (unsupervised)
Pattern recognition
based on training
data.
Classification based
on structure of data
(clustering).
Neural (crisp or
fuzzy), neuro-fuzzy
and fuzzy models.
Peach
Plum
Nectarine
Labeling
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Machine learning (unsupervised)
Self-organized maps
(Kohonen).
Fuzzy c-means
(Bezdek).
Subclust (Yager,
Chiu).
Peach
Plum
Nectarine
Labeling
Websom
Self-Organizing Maps for
Internet Exploration
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Fuzzy systems (Zadeh, 1960's)
Deal with imprecise entities in automated environments
(computer environments)
Base on fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic.
Most applications in control and decision making
Omrons fuzzy processor
Omron
Electronics
Matlab's Fuzzy Logic
Toolbox
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SC applications: control
Heavy industry
(Matsushita, Siemens,
Stora-Enso)
Home appliances
(Canon, Sony,
Goldstar, Siemens)
Automobiles (Nissan,
Mitsubishi, Daimler-
Chrysler, BMW,
Volkswagen)
Spacecrafts (NASA)
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SC applications: business
hospital stay prediction,
TV commercial slot evaluation,
address matching,
fuzzy cluster analysis,
sales prognosis for mail order
house,
multi-criteria optimization etc.
(source: FuzzyTech)
supplier evaluation for
sample testing,
customer targeting,
sequencing,
scheduling,
optimizing R&D
projects,
knowledge-based
prognosis,
fuzzy data analysis
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SC applications: finance
Fuzzy scoring for mortgage applicants,
creditworthiness assessment,
fuzzy-enhanced score card for lease risk assessment,
risk profile analysis,
insurance fraud detection,
cash supply optimization,
foreign exchange trading,
insider
trading surveillance,
investor classification etc.
Source: FuzzyTech

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SC applications: robotics

Fukudas lab
Joseph F.
Engelberger
We are proud to
announce that the
HelpMate Robotic
Courier
has been acquired by
Pyxis Corporation.
Entertainment
robot AIBO
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SC applications: others

Statistics
Social sciences
Behavioural sciences
Biology
Medicine
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(Neuro)-fuzzy system construction
Training
data
Experts
Fuzzy rules
(SOM, c-means
etc.)
Control
data
System
evaluation
(errors)
Tuning
(NN)
New system
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X
Y
Model construction (mathematical)
Mathematical models are functions. Deep knowledge on
mathematics.
If non-linear (eg. NN), laborious calculations and computing.
Linear models can be too simplified.
How can we find appropriate functions?
Y=1-1./(1 + EXP(-2*(X-5)))
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Model construction (trad. rules )
If 0<x<1, then y=1
If 1<x<2, then y=0.99
:
If 8<x<10, then y=0
If 0<x<1, then y=f(x)
If 1<x<2, then y=g(x)
:
If 8<x<10, then y=h(x)
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
X
Y
- Rule for each input. => Large rule bases.
- Only one rule is fired for each input.
- Coarse models.
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0
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1
1,2
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X
Y
Model construction (SC/fuzzy)
If x0, then y1
If x5, then y0.5
If x10, then y0
- Approximate values
- Rules only describe typical cases (no rule for each input).
=> Small rule bases.
- A group of rules are partially fired simultaneously.
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SC and future
SC and conventional methods should be
used in combination.