Menoufiya University

Faculty Of Science
Chemistry Department
Under Supervision
Ahmed Sadeq Abo Elyazed
Wafaa Ahmed
Fatma Refaat Mohammed
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Definition of surface chemistry
Surface chemistry deals with the study of phenomena that
occur at the surfaces or interfaces of substances.
Surface chemistry finds its applications in industry as well
as in daily life.
The industrial application of surface chemistry
Ore extraction
Chromotography
Precipitation
Detergency
Painting
Catalysis
Ion exchange resin


SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Ore extraction Chromotography





Precipitation Detergency
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Painting





Catalysis Ion exchange resin
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Terminology and concept

Adsorption is the accumulation or concentration of liquid or gas
molecules (adsorbate) over the surface of a solid or a liquid
(adsorbent).
Adsorbate: The gas or liquid that is accumulated over the surface of
a liquid or solid is known as adsorbate.
Adsorbent: The solid or liquid on whose surface, molecules of other
substance are adsorbed.
Absorption in which the molecules of absorbed substances are
dispersed throughout the bulk.

SURFACE CHEMISTRY
If a gas is taken in a closed vessel containing finely
powdered charcoal, it is observed that the pressure of the
gas in the enclosed vessel decreases. It is due to
accumulation of gas molecules over the surface of charcoal.
Note: The charcoal is acting as adsorbent and gas as
adsorbate.


SURFACE CHEMISTRY
The term interface denotes the boundary two phases.
In case of one of the phases is vacuum the interface could
be termed as surface.
The interface can be summarized in formal way in terms
of the three states of matter as follow:-
solid-Gas(S-G).
liquid-Gas(L-G).
solid-Liquid(S-L).
liquid-Liquid(L-L).
Solid-Solid(S-S).


SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Recycling
Recycling of platinum metal group (PGM) from
automobile.
Recycling of (PGM) by adsorption on a ligand encapsulated polymer
resin assisted by thermal heating.
(PGM) are indispensable metals element in modern industries such
as:-
I. Catalyst used for automobile emission control.
II. Petro chemical.
III. Biofuel processes.
IV. Fuel cell.
The natural abundance of PGM is extremely small and they occur in
limited places such as :- South Africa
SURFACE CHEMISTRY


Hydro metallurgical processes have been applied to metal
recovery and occurring by different methods :-
Solvent extraction method.
Adsorption methods
IS a process using a solid chelating resin present an attractive
alternative for the recovery of low concentrations of PGM.
Kinetic of complex formation
The slow kinetic of complex formation with PGM obstructs the use of
solid resin for PGM separation.
Chloro complexes of [ PdCl
4
]
-2
and [PtCl
6
]
-2
can be readily separated by
anion exchange resin.
the separation of Rh(111) has remained difficult either by ion exchange
resin or by chelating resin.
Recently ,micro wave heating has been applied to accelerate the complex
formation.

SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Preparation of adsorbent
A new chelating resin (R-N resin) was prepared through the
encapsulation of linear poly(octadecylvinyl-maleic anhidride)
into a porous polyacrylate support ( amberlite XAD-7) with
subsequent grafting of 2-aminomethylpyridine.
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Adsorption of PGM on chelating resin depend upon
P
H and
temperature :
1. Effect of
P
H.
the adsorption reaction of Pd(II) and Pt(IV) and
P
H 2 in
the presence of Cl
-
ion(0.1 M) was exothermic, whereas
that of Rh(III) was endothermic.
Ion exchange reaction by electrostatic attraction between
the protonated ligand with [ PdCl
4
]
-2
and [PtCl
6
]
-2
is
predominant for the adsorption of Pd(II) and Pt(IV) at
P
H 2.
While Rh(III) was retained by a complex formation from
P
H 2.o to
P
H 6.5 (is accelerated by microwave irradiation ).

SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Paper recycling
Roles of surfactants in flotation deinking
Flotation deinking is a common practice for removing ink from
wastepaper.
A successful flotation process has three major efficient sub processes.
I. The detachment of the ink particles from the fibers.
II. The effective adhesion of the ink particles onto air bubble surface.
III. The removal of froth and ink particles from flotation cells.
o Note:- surfactants can affect these sub processes either positively or
negatively.
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
What are surfactants and how are they
characterized?
Surfactant is the abbreviation of surface active agents.
Surfactant consist of a lyophilic (liquid-loving) and lyophobic
(liquid-hating) group.
The function of surfactant is reducing the surface energy of
liquid or solid.
Example of surfactants used in flotatio deinking(defoamer,
dispersants, foaming agents, and collectors).
Note:- nonionic surfactants are more commonly used.

SURFACE CHEMISTRY
General roles of surfactants in flotation deinking
In general, surfactants play three roles in flotation deinking
1) As a dispersant to separate the ink particles from the fiber surface and
prevent redeposition.
2) As a collector to agglomerate small ink particles to large ones.
3) As a frother to generate a foam layer at the top of a flotation cell for ink
removal.
Adverse effects on ink removal
The adsorption of dispersant and frother on fiber surfaces may reduce
fiber-fiber bonding and create foaming problems in paper machines.
Note:- deinking conditions, such as (water hardness,
P
H, temperature)
are different in each paper recycling mill.

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