What are

temperature
and heat?
Are they the
same?
What causes
heat?
How do we
measure
temperature?
What are we
actually
measuring?
Temperature and Its Measurement
How do we measure temperature?
Thermometer: Device with a physical property
that changes with temperature and can be easily
measured quantitatively.
If two objects are in contact with one another
long enough, the two objects have the same
temperature (thermal equilibrium).
Two or more objects in thermal equilibrium
have the same temperature.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
Temperature Scales

The first widely used
temperature scale was devised
by Gabriel Fahrenheit.
Water freezing point: 32F
Water boiling point: 212F
Another widely used scale was
devised by Anders Celsius.
Water freezing point: 0C.
Water boiling point: 100C






Temperature Scales

Conversion between two scales:



E1. An object has a temperature
of 45C. What is its temperature
in degree Fahrenheit?
E2. The temperature of a winter
day is 14F. What is the
temperature in degree Celsius?






T
C

5
9
T
F
32

T
F

9
5
T
C
32
Zero Temperature
The zero point on the
Fahrenheit scale was based on
the temperature of a mixture of
salt and ice in a saturated salt
solution.
The zero point on the Celsius
scale is the freezing point of
water.
Both scales go below zero.
Is there an absolute zero?
What is absolute zero?
If the volume of a gas is kept
constant while the temperature is
different, the pressure will be
different.
The Third Temperature Scale

Absolute Temperature Scale (Kelvin Scale)


Example
Water freezing point: 0C =273.2 K.
Water boiling point: 100C = 373.2 K







T
K
T
C
273 .2
Heat and Temperature
Heat:
Heat is the energy that flows from one object to
another when there is a difference in temperature
between the objects. Heat is the average kinetic
energy of atoms or molecules making up the system.
Temperature:
Temperature is an indication
of whether or not and in which
direction, the heat will flow
(Temperature is an indication
of the average of kinetic energy
of atoms or molecules).


The Flow of Heat
Three basic processes for heat flow:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
A metal block at room
temperature will feel colder
than a wood block of the exact
same temperature. Why?
The rate of heat flow depends on:
a) the temperature difference between
the objects.
b) the thermal conductivity of the
materials, a measure of how well the
materials conduct heat.
Conduction: heat flow when in contact
Convection: heat is
transferred by the
motion of a fluid
containing thermal
energy.
Radiation, heat energy is
transferred by
electromagnetic waves.
can take place across a
vacuum.

What heat-flow processes are involved in
the greenhouse effect?