PENYUSUN MOLEKULAR SEL

charis@ukdw.ac.id
Air
Protein
Karbohidrat
Lipida
Asam Nukleat
Garam dan Ion
Vitamin
KOMPONEN
MOLEKULAR SEL
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BIOMOLEKUL
H, C, O, and N make up 96.5% weight of a living organism
ARTI PENTING MEMAHAMI MAKROMOLEKUL
PENYUSUN SEL:

Carbohydrates, which supply and store energy and
serve as structural building blocks, include sugars and
polymers of sugars.
Proteins, which catalyze reactions and are structural
building blocks, are polymers of amino acids.
The nucleic acids DNA and RNA, which code and
express genetic information, are polymers of
nucleotides.
Lipids are membrane components consisting mainly of
carbon and hydrogen atoms derived from acetates and
other molecules.
Secondary metabolites such as phenolics, alkaloids,
and terpenoids often protect or strengthen plants.
Fatty acid
Triglyseride
Diglyseride

Konsep 1: Monomers and Polymers
Each cell assembles its own polymers by joining appropriate monomers
together with the production of water

Konsep 2: Classes of Biomolecules
The four major classes of biomolecules each have their own characteristic
monomers and corresponding polymers.
Monomer Polymer
Fatty acid
dehydration
synthesis
*
Diglyceride,
triglyceride
Monosaccharide
dehydration
condensation
Polysaccharide
Amino acid
Polypeptide
(protein)
Nucleotide
Nucleic acid (DNA,
RNA)
Konsep 3: Lipids
Lipids include various biomolecules whose common property is
their insolubility in water.
Lipids do not form large polymers.
Two or three fatty acids are usually polymerized with glycerol,
but other lipids, such as steroids, do not form polymers
Important functions:
contributing to the structure of membranes that enclose cells and
cell compartments
protecting against dessication (drying out)
storing concentrated energy
insulating against cold
regulating cell activities by hormone actions
Steroids function both as hormones (such as the sex hormones
estrogen and testosterone) and as structural material (such as
cholesterol, an integral part of animal cell membranes)
The simplest lipids
saturated fatty acids are
linked entirely by single C-C
bonds
unsaturated fatty acids
contain one or more double
bonds
Fatty acids do not accumulate in large amounts inside cells; instead, they
serve as monomers for the assembly of triglycerides and phospholipids.
Fatty acids are typically linked to glycerol, forming glycerides with
one, two, or three attached fatty acids.
Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid
bilayers, which generate biological
membranes.
Steroids, built from fused ring-shaped molecules, include cholesterol
and a number of hormones.
Konsep 4: Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates, which include the sugars and polysaccharides,
have many important functions in biological systems.
serving as precursors for building many polymers
storing short-term energy
providing structural building materials
serving as molecular "tags" to allow recognition of specific cells
and molecules
Konsep 5: Proteins
The most abundant and diverse molecules found in living cells are proteins.

Ribonuclease

Collagen

Hemoglobin

Proteins typically make up about half the total weight of biomolecules in a
cell (excluding water).
enzymes as catalysts, such as ribonuclease, that accelerate specific
chemical reactions up to 10 billion times faster than they would
spontaneously occur; one cell may contain some thousand different
types of enzymes at one time
structural materials, including keratin (the protein found in hair and
nails) and collagen (the protein found in connective tissue)
specific binding, such as antibodies that bind specifically to foreign
substances to identify them to the body's immune system
specific carriers, including membrane transport proteins that move
substances across cell membranes, and blood proteins, such as
hemoglobin, that carry oxygen, iron, and other substances through the
body
contraction, such as actin and myosin fibers that interact in muscle
tissue
signaling, including hormones such as insulin that regulate sugar levels
in blood
Fungsi Protein
Concept 6: Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids, built by polymerizing nucleotides, function primarily as
informational molecules for the storage and retrieval of information about
the primary sequence of polypeptides.
Phosphate Groups and Nucleotides
Nucleotides can have one, two, or three phosphate groups. Nucleotides
with two or three phosphate groups are good energy donors.
Phosphate groups can be joined together to form phosphodiester bonds.
Phosphate groups can also be joined to other molecules, such as sugar.
Fungsi selular beberapa ion
Element Function
Molybdenum Kofaktor/aktivator enzim (fiksasi N,
metabolisme asam nukleat, oksidasi
aldehid)
Cobalt Penyusun vitamin B12
Copper Penyusun plastosianin, kofaktor enzim
respirasi
Iodine Penyusun tiroksin dan hormon lain
Boron Aktivasi enzim arabinose isomerase
Zinc Kofaktor/Aktivator enzim (carbonic
anhidrase, carboxypeptidase)
Fungsi selular beberapa ion
Manganese Kofaktor/Aktivator enzim (kinase, isositrat
dekarboksilase)
Iron Penyususn hemoglobin & sitokrom
Magnesium Penyusun klorofil, aktivasi ATPase
Sulfur Penyusun koenzim A, biotin, thiamin, protein
Phosphorus Penyususn lipid, protein, asam nukleat, gula
phosphat, nukleosida phosphat
Calcium Penyusun dinding sel tanaman, komponen
matriks jaringan tulang, kofaktor enzim
koagulasi
Potassium Kofaktor piruvat kinase dan K
+
-stimulated
ATPase
VITAMIN DAN KOENZIM
VITAMIN KOENZIM TERKAIT FUNGSI
Vitamin A 11-cis-Retinal Visual cycle reactions
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Thiamin pirophosphat Reaksi dekarboksilasi,
oksidase, transketolase
Vitamin B6 (Piridoksin) Piridoksal phosphat Metabolisme asam
amino (dekarboksilasi &
transaminasi)
Vitamin B12
(Cyanocobalamin)
Cyanocobalamin Memecah ikatan C-C,
C-O, C-N
Vitamin D 1,25-Dihydroxychole-
calciferol
Metabolisme kalsium
dan phosphat
Vitamin E - Aktivitas antioksidan
Viamin K - Sintesis prekursor
enzim koagulasi darah
(prothrombin)
VITAMIN DAN KOENZIM
VITAMIN KOENZIM TERKAIT FUNGSI
Biotin Biocytin Reaksi karboksilasi
Asam folat Asam tetrahidrofolat Reaksi transfer karbon
tunggal
Asam lipoat Lipollysine Dehidrogenasi, transfer
gugus acyl
Niacin Nicotinamide
nucleotides (NAD
+
,
NADP
+
)
Reaksi oksidasi/reduksi
oleh enzim
dehidrogenase
Asam pantothenat Coenzym A (CoASH) Transfer gugus asetil
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Koenzim flavin (FMN,
FAD)
Reaksi oksidasi/reduksi
oleh enzim
dehidrogenase