Occlusion Part (III) / Orthodontic Courses by Indian Dental Academy

OCCLUSION (PART III)
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY

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Contents
Introduction
Posterior controlling factors
Anterior controlling factors
Understanding the controlling
factors
Vertical determinants of occlusal
morphology (on cusp height)
Horizontal determinants of
occlusal morphology (on ridge and
groove direction)
Summary
References
Introduction
The occlusal anatomy of the teeth must
function in harmony with the structures
controlling the movement patterns of the
mandible.
To maintain harmony of the occlusal
condition, the posterior teeth must pass
close to but must not contact their
opposing teeth during mandibular
movement
Posterior controlling factors
The angle at which the condyle moves
away from horizontal reference plane is
referred to as the condylar guidance
angle.

Two TMJs posterior controlling
factors

Fixed factors

Anterior controlling factors

Vertical overlap and horizontal overlap
Variable factor (altered by dental
procedures)
Understanding the controlling factors
If the criteria for optimum functional
occlusion has to be fulfilled, the
morphologic characteristics of each
posterior tooth must be in harmony with
those of its opposing tooth or teeth during
all eccentric mandibular movements.
The relationship of a posterior tooth to the
controlling factors influences the precise
movement of that tooth.
Therefore, the significance of the
anterior and condylar guidances lies in
how they influence posterior tooth
shape.
Occlusal surface of the posterior teeth can be
affected in 2 manners
1. Height
2. Width
Factors that influence the heights of cusps
and depths of fossae are the vertical
determinants of the occlusal morphology
Factors that influence the direction of ridges
and grooves on the occlusal surfaces are
considered the horizontal determinants of
the occlusal morphology
morphology (on cusp height)

a) Effect of condylar guidance
b) Effect of anterior guidance
c) Effect of plane of occlusion
d) Effect of curve of Spee
e) Effect of mandibular lateral
translation movement
a) Effect of condylar guidance
b) Effect of anterior guidance

It is a function of the relationship
between the maxillary & mandibular
anterior teeth.

Anterior guidance = Overjet X
overbite
c) Effect of plane of occlusion

It is an imaginary line extending from
cusp tip of mandibular canine to
distobuccal cusp of lower second molar
Relationship of this plane to the angle
of articular eminence influences the
steepness of the cusps.
As the plane of occlusion becomes
more nearly parallel to the angle of the
articular eminence, the posterior cusps
must be made shorter.
d) Effect of curve of Spee
3 components affecting the cusp
height are:
a) Length of the radius of the curve
b) Degree of curvature of the curve of
Spee
c) Orientation of curve of Spee
Length of the radius of the curve
Degree of curvature of the curve of
Spee
Orientation of curve of Spee
e) Effect of mandibular lateral

Bennett movement- A bodily side shift
of the mandible that occurs during
lateral movements.

The degree of medial movement of
orbiting condyle depends on two
factors :

a. Morphology of medial wall of the
fossa.
b. Inner horizontal portion of the
Temporomandibular ligament
(which attaches to the lateral pole
of the rotating condyle)
Lateral translation movement has 3
attributes
1. Amount
2. Direction
3. Timing
Amount and Timing are dependent on
medial wall of fossa and TM ligament.
Direction depends on the direction
taken by the rotating condyle.
Effect of amount of lateral translation
movement on cusp height
Greater the amount of lateral translation
movement, shorter is the posterior cusp
Effect of the direction of lateral
translation movement on cusp height

Determined by the morphology and
ligamentous attachments of the TMJ
undergoing rotation.
The movement occurs within a 60
degree cone whose apex is located at
the axis of rotation.
Effect of timing of lateral translation
movement on cusp height
Dependent on the medial wall of fossa
and TM ligament.
Immediate side shift when the lateral
translation movement occurs early
Progressive side shift if movement
occurs in conjunction with an eccentric
movement
Horizontal determinants of occlusal
morphology
Influences the direction of ridges and
grooves on the occlusal surfaces
Each centric cusp tip generates both
laterotrusive and mediotrusive pathways
across its opposing tooth
Each pathway represents a portion of
the arc formed by the cusp rotating
around the rotating condyle
Horizontal determinants of occlusal
morphology (on ridge and groove
direction)
a) Effect of distance from rotating condyle
b) Effect of distance from mid-Sagittal plane
c) Effect of distance from rotating condyle and
from mid-Sagittal plane
d) Effect of mandibular lateral translation
movement
e) Effect of inter-condylar distance
a)Effect of distance from rotating
condyle
Greater the distance wider the angle
b) Effect of distance from mid-
Sagittal plane
More the distance wider the angle
c) Effect of distance from rotating
condyle and from mid-Sagittal plane
The combination of the two positional
relationships is what determines the exact
pathways of the centric cusp tips
Because of the curvature of the dental arch;
as the distance of tooth from rotating condyle
increases distance from midsagittal plane
decreases, but distance from rotating
condyles increases FASTER than decrease
in distance from midsagittal plane.
Therefore, the teeth toward the
anterior region (e.g. premolars) have
larger angles than posterior teeth
(e.g. molars).

d) Effect of mandibular lateral
influences the directions of ridges
and grooves
Movement depends on 2 factors:
1. Amount
2. Direction

Effect of amount of lateral
translation movement on ridge and
groove direction
Effect of direction of lateral
translation movement on ridge and
groove direction
e) Effect of inter-condylar distance
As inter condylar distance increases
distance between the condyle and the
tooth increases wider angles
(in a given arch configuration)
As inter condylar distance increases the
tooth is placed nearer the mid-sagittal
plane relative to the rotating condyle-
midsagittal plane distance decrease in
the angle generated
Increase in inter-condylar distance decrease in
angle between mediotrusive and laterotrusive
pathways
Summary
morphology (on cusp height and
fossa depth)
Horizontal determinants of
occlusal morphology (on ridge and
groove direction)

Factor Condition Effect
Condylar
guidance
Steeper Taller
Anterior
guidance
More overbite
More Overjet
Taller
Shorter
Plane of
occlusion
More parallel Shorter
Curve of
Spee
More acute Shorter
Lateral
translation
Greater movement
More superior
Greater immediate shift
Shorter
Shorter
Shorter
Factor Condition Effect
Distance from
rotating condyle
Greater Wider the angle
Distance from
midsagittal plane
Greater Wider the angle

Lateral translation Greater Wider the angle

Intercondylar
distance
Greater Smaller the angle

References
Occlusion series in BDJ, 2001;191:6-
7
Okeson JP. Management of
Temporomandibular Disorders and
Occlusion, ed. 4
th
, 1998; Mosby
Ash MM and Ramfjord S. Occlusion,
ed. 4
th
, 1966; WB Saunders Company,
Michigan

Santos JD. Occlusion Principles and
Concepts, ed. 2
nd
, 1999; Ishiyaku
EuroAmerica, Inc. U.S.A.
Shillingburg HT. Fundamentals of
Fixed Prosthodontics, ed.3
rd
,
1997;Quintessence


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