Orthodontic Wires 1 / Orthodontic Courses by Indian Dental Academy

1
Orthodontic wires-I

INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Contents
O
Introduction
O
Evolution of materials
O
Basic properties of materials
O
Mechanical & Elastic properties
O
Physical properties
O
Requirements of an ideal arch wire
O
Properties of wires
O
Orthodontic arch wire materials
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Introduction
All you can do is push pull or turn a tooth! I have "iven
you an appliance and now for #od$s sa%e use it&
Edward!'!An"le
O
(he main components of an orthodontic appliance
)*rac%ets and wires!
O
Active and reactive elements +Burstone,
O
-ires Brac%ets Bondin"
4
Introduction
O
Orthodontics involves correction of the position of teeth
.requirin" movin" teeth!
O
/orces and Moments
O
Optimum orthodontic tooth movement) li"ht continuous
force!
5
Introduction
O
(he challen"e .
Appliance which produces forces that are neither too
"reat nor varia*le!

O
0ifferent materials and type of wires introduced to
provide forces!

6
Evolution of Materials
1! Material 2carcity A*undance of Ideas +1345)1675,
O
Before An"le$s search8
O
9o*le metals and their alloys!
) Gold +at least 34:, platinum iridium and silver
alloys

-
#ood corrosion resistance
-
Accepta*le esthetics
;ac%ed fle<i*ility and tensile stren"th
Inappropriate for comple< machinin" and =oinin"!

7
O
An"le listed few materials appropriate for wor%>
2trips of wire of precious metals!
-ood
Ru**er
?ulcanite
Piano wire
2il% thread
8
O
An"le +1@@3, German silver +a type of *rass,
O
accordin" to the use for which it was intended&)varyin"
the proportion of Au 9i & Bn and various de"rees of cold
wor%!
O
9eusil*er *rass +Au C4: 9i 1D: Bn E1:,
=ac% screws +ri"id,
e<pansion arches +elastic,
Bands +mallea*le,
O
Opposition *y /arrar . discolored
9
O
Stainless steel +entered dentistry )1616,!
O
0umas #uillet and Portevin)+/rance, qualities
reported in #ermany .MonnartF +1655)1615,!
O
0iscovered *y chance *efore - - I!
O
1616 . 0r! / 'auptmeyer .Wipla (wie platin).
O
2imon 2chwarF Gor%hous 0e Aoster) orthodontic
material!
O
An"le used steel as li"ature wire +1675,!
10
O
Opposition
Emil 'er*st
)#old wire was stron"er than stainless steel +167D,!
(he Ed"ewaterH tradition)

)1645)E papers presented *ac% to *ac%)competition
*etween 22 & "old!
) BIw 0r!Brusse +(he mana"ement of stainless steel,
and 0rs!AroFat & #ore +Precious metal remova*le
appliances,!
O
Be"" +16D5s, with -ilcoc%)ultimately resilient arch
wires)Australian 22!
11
2. Abundance of materials, Refinement of
Procedures +1675 . 1634,!
O
Gusy)after 16C5s)proliferation a*ounds!
O
Improvement in metallur"y and or"anic chemistry .
mass production+16C5,!
O
/arrar$s dream+1@3@,)mass production of orthodontic
devices!
12
O
Cobalt chrome (195s!"El"in watch company
developed a comple< alloy)
Ao*alt+D5:,Ahromium+E5:,iron+1C:,&nic%el+14:,!
O
Roc%y Mountain Orthodontics) El"iloy
(M
O
164@)16C1
various tempers
Red . hard & resilient
"reen . semi)resilient
Jellow . sli"htly less forma*le *ut ductile
Blue . soft & forma*le
13
?aria*le cross)section orthodontics)
Burstone
O
(o produce chan"es in load)deflection rate) wires of
various cross sections were used!
O
;oad deflection rate varies with D
th
power of the wire
diameter!
14
O
16CE ) Buehler discovers nic#el"titanium du**ed
9I(I9O; +9ic%el (itanium 9aval Ordnance ;a*oratory,
O
1635)0r!#eor"e Andreason +Knite%, introduced 9i(i to
orthodontics!
O
45>45 composition .e<cellent sprin"*ac% no
superelasticity or shape memory +M)9i(i,!
O
;ate 16@5s .9i(i with active austenitic "rain structure!
15
O
E<hi*ited Superelasticity +pseudoelasticity in
en"ineerin",!
O
9ew 9i(i *y 0r!(ien 'ua Ahen" and associates at the
#eneral Research Institute for non /errous Metals in
Bei=in" Ahina!
O
Burstone et al.Ahinese 9i(i +16@4,!
O
In 163@ /uru%awa electric co!ltd of Lapan produced a
new type of alloy
1. High spring back.
2. Shape memory.
3. Super elasticity.
Miura et al . Lapanese 9i(i +16@C,
16
?aria*le . modulus orthodontics)Burstone
+16@1,
O
-ire siFe was %ept constant and material of the wire is
selected on the *asis of clinical requirements!
O
/ewer wire chan"es!
O
0ifferent materials)maintainin" same cross)section!
17
O
Cu $i%i . +thermoelasticity, ) Rohit 2achdeva!
M
Quaternary metal . 9ic%el (itanium Aopper
Ahromium!
M
Aopper enhances thermal reactive properties and creates a
consistent unloadin" force!

?aria*le transformation temperature
orthodontics
18
&. %he be'innin' of Selectivit( +1634 to the present,
O
Orthodontic manufacturers
O
AA0IAAM . lar"er production runs
O
Aomposites and Aeramics
O
Iatro"enic dama"e
+
9ic%el and en)masse detachments
9ew products)
control of "overnment a"encies private or"aniFations
19
) titanium .Burstone and #old*er")16@5
O
N phase .sta*iliFed at room temperature!
O
Early 16@5s
O
Aomposition
(i . @5:
Moly*denum . 11!4:
Birconium . C:
(in . D!4:
O
Burstone$s o*=ective deactivation characteristics
1I7
rd
of 22 or twice of conventional 9i(i
O
(MA . (itanium Moly*denum alloy ) ORMAO
20
O
%itanium"$iobium) M! 0alstra et al.
9ic%el free (itanium alloy!
/inishin" wire!
(i)3D:9*)17:Br)17:!
O
%i*olium +ires +(P ;a*,)0eva 0evanathan +late 65s,
(i ) @E: Mo ) 14: 9*)7:

21
O
) ,,," Ravindra 9anda +E555)E551,
M
Benda*leinc! force)low deflection
M
9i free
M
?ersatility of steel with memory of 9i(i!

22
-iber reinforced .ol(meric com.osites/
O
9e<t "eneration of esthetic archwires
O
Many orthodontic materials adapted)Aerospace industry
O
Pultrusion . round O rectan"ular
O
A0? . tooth colored enhanced esthetics
) reduced friction
O
0I2A0? . difficult to chan"e its shape once manufactured www.indiandentalacademy.com
23
Basic Properties of Materials
(o "ain understandin" of orthodontic wires . *asic
%nowled"e of their atomic or molecular structure
and their *ehavior durin" handlin" and use in
the oral environment !
24
O
Atom ) smallest piece of an element that %eeps
its chemical properties!
O
0lement ) su*stance that cannot *e *ro%en
down *y chemical reactions!
25
Electrons . or*it
around nucleus!
/loatin" in shells of diff
ener"y levels
Electrons form the
*asis of *onds
26
O
Pure su*stances are rare)e"! Iron always contains car*on
"old thou"h occurs as a pure metal can *e used only as an
alloy!
O
An ore contains the compound of the metal and an
unwanted earthly material!
O
Com.ound ) su*stance that can *e *ro%en into elements
*y chemical reactions!
O
*olecule ) smallest piece of a compound that %eeps its
chemical properties +made of two or more atoms,!
27
O
Aohesive forces)atoms held to"ether!

Interatomic *onds

Primary 2econdary
Ionic 'ydro"en
Aovalent ?an der -aals
Metallic forces

28
O
Ionic)mutual attraction *etween positive and ne"ative
ions)"ypsum phosphate *ased cements!
O
Aovalent)E valence electrons are shared *y ad=acent
atoms)dental resins!
29
O
Metallic .increased spatial e<tension of valence)electron
wave functions!
O
(he ener"y levels are very closely spaced and the
electrons tend to *elon" to the entire assem*ly rather
than a sin"le atom!
O
Array of positive ions in a sea of electrons&
30
O
Electrons free to move
O
Electrical and thermal conductivity
O
0uctility and mallea*ility
)electrons ad=ust to deformation
31
IONIC BOND
METALLIC BOND
Ionic *ond
Metallic *ond
32
O
Materials *roadly su*divided into E cate"ories )
Atomic arran"ement
Arystalline structure 9on)crystalline structure
Re"ularly spaced Possess short ran"e
confi")space lattice! atomic order!

nisotropic .diff in !sotropic)prop of material
mechanical prop due remains same in all
directional arran"ement directions!
of atoms! Amorphous
33
Aharacteristic properties of metals
O
An opaque lustrous chemical su*stance that is a "ood
conductor of heat and electricity & when polished is a
"ood reflector of li"ht . 'and*oo% of metals!
O
Metals are)
M
'ard
M
;ustrous
M
0ense +lattice structure,
M
#ood conductors of heat & electricity
M
Opaque +free e) a*sor* electroma"netic ener"y of
li"ht,
M
0uctile & Mallea*le
34
Arystals and ;attices
1CC4)Ro*ert 'oo%e simulated crystal shapes .mus%et *all!
E45 years later)e<act model of a crystal with each
*allPatom!
Atoms com*ine)minimal internal ener"y!
Space lattice" Any arran"ement of atoms in space in which
every atom is situated similarly to every other atom! May
*e the result of primary or secondary *onds!
35
O
Arystal com*ination of unit cells in which each shell
shares faces ed"es or corners with the nei"h*orin" cells
(here are @ crystal systems>
Au*ic system .Important as many metals *elon" to it!
36
(here are 1D possi*le lattice forms!+ Bravais lattices,
(he unit cells of 7 %inds of space lattices of practical
importance .
1!/ace)centered cu*ic>
/e a*ove 615QA & 9i!
37
E!Body centered cu*ic>
/e)*elow 615QA &a*ove 1D55QA!
Ar &(i a*ove @@5QA!
38
7!'e<a"onal close pac%ed>
Ao & (i *elow @@5QA
39
O
Perfect crystals ) rare ) atoms occupy well)defined
positions!
O
Aation)anion)cation)anion)
O
0istortion stron"ly opposed )similarly char"ed atoms
come to"ether!
O
2in"le crystals) stron"
O
Ksed as reinforcements .whis%ers +sin"le crystals) 15
times lon"er than wide,
40
O
Arystal "rowth)atoms attach themselves in certain
directions!
O
Perfect crystals)atoms)correct direction!
O
In common metals the crystals penetrate each other such
that the crystal shapes "et deformed!
O
Microscopic analysis of alloys)"rains (microns to
centimeters,!
41
42
O
#rain *oundaries)area)crystals meet!
O
Atoms)irre"ular
0ecrease mechanical stren"th
Increase corrosion
-
imperfections *eneficial)interfere with movement alon"
slip planes
-
0islocations cannot cross *oundary) deformation
requires "reater stress!
43
O
Ksually crystals have imperfections) ;attice defects!
1!Point defects>
a! Impurities
MInterstitials . 2maller atoms that penetrate the lattice E" .
Aar*on 'ydro"en O<y"en Boron!
MSubstitutial Element . Another metal atom of appro< same
siFe can su*stitute ! E!"! ) 9ic%el or Ahromium su*stitutin" iron in
stainless steel!
44
*!?acancies>
E!;ine defects> 0islocations alon" a line! Plastic
deformations of metals occurs .motion of dislocations!
(hese are empty atom sites!
45
O
Ed"e dislocation
O
2ufficiently lar"e force)
*onds *ro%en and new *onds
formed!
O
2lip plane
O
O
2lip direction
P
O
2lip system
46
O
2i"nificance of slip planes)
2hear stress atoms of the crystal can "lide!
More the slip planes easier is it to deform!
2lip planes intercepted at "rain *oundaries!
47
Elastic deformation
Plastic deformation
Greater stress ) fracture
48
O
%+innin' 1 alt! mode of permanent deformation!
O
2een in metals)few slip planes +9i(i & R)titanium,
O
2mall atomic movements on either side of a twinnin"
plane results in atoms with mirror relationship
49
O
Also the mechanism for reversi*le transformation)
austenite to martensite!
M
A movement that
divides the lattice into E
planes at a certain
an"le!
M
9i(i . multiple
twinnin"
M
2u*=ected to a hi"her
temperature stress
de ) twinnin"
occurs +shape memory,
50
O
Cold +or#in' ( strain hardenin' or +or#
hardenin'!

M
0islocations pile up alon" the "rain *oundaries!
M
'ardness & stren"th ductility
M
Plastic deformation)difficult!
M
0urin" deformation ) atomic *onds within the crystal
"et stressed
^ resistance to more deformation
51
O
An interestin" effect of cold wor%)crystallo"raphic
orientation in the distorted "rain structure!
O
Anisotropic +direction dependant, mechanical
properties!
O
2lip planes ali"n with shear planes!
O
-ires . mechanical properties different when measured
parallel and perpendicular to wire a<is!
52
O
,m.lications/
O
/ine "rained metals with lar"e no! of "rains
) stronger
M
Enhancin" crystal nucleation *y addin" fine particles with a
hi"her meltin" point around which the atoms "ather!
M
Preventin" enlar"ement of e<istin" "rains! A*rupt coolin"
+quenchin", of the metal!
M
0issolve specific elements at elevated temperatures! Metal is
cooled
2olute element precipitates 1*arriers to the
slip planes!
53
O
(he effects of cold wor%in" can *e reversed)heatin" the
metal to appropriate temperature) Annealin'
M
Relative process)heat *elow the meltin" temperature

M
More the cold wor% more rapid the annealin"
M
'i"her meltin" point . hi"her annealin" temp
M
Rule of thum*)S the meltin" temperature +QG,
54
O
Recovery)cold wor% disappears!
M
Ortho appliances heat treated +recovery
temperature,)
M
sta*iliFes the confi"uration of the appliance and
M
reduces)fracture!
O
RecrystalliFation .severely cold wor%ed)after recovery)
radical chan"e in microstructure!
M
9ew stress free "rains
M
Aonsume ori"inal cold wor%ed structure!
M
Inc! ductility dec! resiliency
55
O
#rain "rowth ) minimiFes the "rain *oundary area!
M
Aoarse "rains
56
O
Before Annealin"
O
Recovery . Relief of stresses
O
RecrystalliFation . 9ew "rains from severely cold
wor%ed areas
O
#rain #rowth . lar"e crystal eat up& small ones
57
Pol(mor.hism
O
Metals and alloys e<ist as more than one type of
structure
O
(ransition from one to the other)reversi*le) Allotropy
Steel and NiTi
58
O
2teel )alloy of iron and car*on
O
Iron . E forms)
M
/AA)a*ove 615Qc
M
BAA)*elow)Aar*on practically insolu*le!+5!5E:,

M
Iron /AA form
+austenite,
M
;attice spaces "reater
M
Aar*on atom can easily
*e incorporated into the
unit cell
59
O
On Aoolin"
O
/AA 1 BAA
O
Aar*on diffuses out
as /e7A
O
Aementite adds
stren"th to ferrite
and austenite
E
Rapidly cooled +quenched,
E
Aar*on cannot escape
E
0istorted *ody centered
tetra"onal lattice called
martensite
E
(oo *rittle)tempered)heat *Iw
E55)D45QA .held at a "iven temp
for %nown len"th of time)cooled
rapidly!
60
61
Austenite +/AA,
slow coolin" rapid coolin"
Mi<ture of> (emperin" Martensite +BA(,
/errite+BAA, distorted lattice)
& Pearlite hard & *rittle
Aementite+/e7A,
62
O
9i(i)
M
(ransformations .temperature & stress!
M
Austenite +BAA,
M
Martensitic +0istorted monoclinic triclinic
he<a"onal structure!
ustenite" hi"h temperature & low stress!
#artensite .low temperature & hi"h stress!
(winnin")Reversi*le *elow elastic limit
(ransformations and reverse)not same temperature)
hysteresis
63
O
Bain distortion
M
(ransformations occur without chemical chan"e or
diffusion
M
Result)crystallo"raphic reln *Iw parent and new
phase
M
Rearran"ement of atoms)minor movements
64
O
#old
O
1@@3)9eusil*er *rass +Au9iBn,
O
1616)2tainless steel
O
1645s)Ao*alt chromium
O
16CE)9i(i9O;)1635)Orthodontia
O
Early 16@5s)N)titanium
O
16@4@C)superelastic 9i(i
O
1929"3"%itanium
O
1665s) Au 9i(i (i 9* and (imolium
O
E555)N)III
65
O
Metallic *ond)properties
O
Arystals & lattices
O
Imperfections
O
Ed"e dislocations (winnin"
O
Aold wor%in"
O
Annealin"
O
Polymorphism
O
Bain distortion
66
Making an orthodontic wire
O
Sources
O
Stainless steel" *ased on standard formulas of AI2I!
After manufacture .further selection to surpass the

*asic commercial standard
Orthodontists .small yet demandin" customers

E
$hrome % cobalt and titanium alloys) fi<ed formulas
E
&ol' .supplier$s own specification!
67
O
D steps in wire production
1! Meltin"
E!(he In"ot
7!Rollin"
D!0rawim"
68
O
*eltin'
"2election and meltin" of alloy materials)important
)Physical properties influenced
)/i<es the "eneral properties of the metal
O
%he ,n'ot
)Aritical step) pourin" the molten alloy into mold
) 9on .uniform chun% of metal
) ?aryin" de"rees of porosities and inclusions of sla"!
69
)Microscopy ."rains .influence mechanical properties!
)2iFe and distri*ution of "rains .rate of coolin" and the
siFe of in"ot!
)Porosity )E sources
o
#ases dissolved or produced
o
Aoolin" and shrin%in" .interior cools late
)In"ot . trimmed

Important to control microstructure at this sta"e . Important to control microstructure at this sta"e .
*asis of its physical properties and mechanical *asis of its physical properties and mechanical
performance performance
70
O
Rollin'
" 1
st
mechanical step)rollin" in"ot .lon" *ars
)2eries of rollers . reduced to small diameter
)0ifferent parts of in"ot never completely lose identity
)Metal on outside of in"ot)outside the finest wire
li%ewise ends
) 0ifferent pieces of wire same in"ot differ dependin" on
the part they came from
)Individual "rains also retain identity

71
)Each "rain elon"ated in the same proportion as the in"ot
)Mechanical rollin")forces crystals into lon" fin"er)li%e
shapes .meshed into one another
)-or% hardenin")increases the hardness and *rittleness
)if e<cess rollin")small crac%s
)Annealin" .atoms *ecome mo*ile)internal stresses
relieved
)More uniform than ori"inal castin"
)#rain siFe controlled
72
O
4ra+in'
"/urther reduced to final siFe
)Precise process .wire pulled
throu"h a small hole in a die
) 'ole sli"htly smaller than
the startin" diameter of the
wire . uniformly squeeFed
)-ire reduced to the siFe of
die

73
) Many series of dies
) Annealed several times at re"ular intervals
) E<act num*er of drafts and annealin" cycles depends
on the alloy +"old Tcar*on steelTstainless steel,

74
O
Rectan'ular +ires
"0raw throu"h rectan"ular die or roll round wires to
rectan"ular shape
);ittle difference in the wires formed *y the E processes
)0rawin" .produces sharper corners .advanta"eous in
application of torque
75
O
'ardness and sprin" properties depend.entirely on the
effects of wor% hardenin" durin" manufacture
O
0rawin" .Annealin" schedule .planned carefully with
final properties & siFe in mind
O
Metal almost in need of annealin" at final siFe)ma<imum
sprin" prop!
O
0rawin" carried too far)*rittle not enou"h)residual
softness!
76 www.indiandentalacademy.com
77
Mechanical properties
O
Stren'th)a*ility to resist stress without fracture or
strain (permanent 'e(ormation).
O
2tress & strain)internal state of the material!
O
Stress)internal distri*ution of load . forceI unit area
+Internal force intensity resistin" the applied load,
O
Strain" internal distortion produced *y the load)
deflectionIunit len"th
+chan"e in len"thIori"inal len"th,

78
O
Material can *e stressed in D ways)
M
Aompression
M
(ensile

M
2hear
M
Aomple< force systems
79
O
Evaluation of mechanical properties .
M
Bendin" tests
M
(ension tests
M
(orsional tests
E
)en'ing tests > 7 types
M
A cantilever *endin" test)Oslen stiffness tester +A0A)
7E,
M
7 point
M
D point
80
Kniversal testin" machine
81
82
O
(he modulus of elasticity calculated
from the force)deflection plot usin"
equations from solid mechanics!
O
Aantilever *endin" test)incompati*le
with fle<i*le wires)+9i(i and
multistranded,!
O
0isadvanta"e of 7 point)*endin"
moment)ma<imum at loadin" point
to Fero at the E supports!
O
D point .uniform *endin" moment)
specimen fails at the wea%est point!
83
O
9i%olai et al proposed a 4 point *endin" test>
)E loadin" points at each end)simulate a couple!
)simulates en"a"ement of arch wire in *rac%et!
O
(ensile testin")strain ) rate mechanical testin" machine
is used!
84
Elastic properties
O
Stress"Strain relationship +ductile material,
85
Elastic properties
STRAIN
S
T
R
E
S
S
Elastic portion
Wire returns bac to ori!inal
dimension w"en stress is
remo#ed
$%ooe&s law' $%ooe&s law'
86
Elastic properties
.15
s
t
r
e
s
s
strain
0lastic limit
Pro.ortional limit
6ield .oint
87
Elastic properties
O
Elastic IProportional limit)used interchan"ea*ly
O
*roportional limit .determined *y placin" a strai"ht
ed"e on the stress)strain plot!
O
+lastic limit )determined with aid of precise strain
measurement apparatus in the la*!
O
,iel' strength (*roo( stress) "P;)su*=ective J2 used to
for desi"natin" onset of permanent deformation!5!1: is
reported!
O
0etermined *y intersection of curved portion with 5!1:
strain on horiFontal a<is!
88
Elastic properties
7ltimate tensile
stren'th -racture .oint
s
t
r
e
s
s
strain
Plastic deformation
89
Elastic properties
O
-ltimate tensile strength "the ma<imum load the wire
can sustain +or,
ma<imum force that the wire can deliver!
O
*ermanent (plastic) 'e(ormation "*efore fracture)
removal of load)stress)Fero strain P Fero!
O
.racture )Kltimate tensile stren"th hi"her than the
stress at the point of fracture
reduction in the diameter of the wire +nec%in",

90
Elastic properties
Slo.e 3 Stiffness

Stiffness 3 1
S.rin'iness
s
t
r
e
s
s
strain
91
Elastic properties
O
2lope of initial linear re"ion) mo'ulus o( elasticity +E,!
+Joun"$s modulus,
M
Aorresponds to the elastic stiffness or ri"idity of
the material
M
Amount of stress required for unit strain
M
E P UIV where U does not e<ceed P; +'oo%ean
elasticity,
M
(he more horiFontal the slope)sprin"ier the wire8
vertical)stiffer
92
Elastic properties
93
Elastic properties
Springback
deflection
f
o
r
c
e
Ran'e
JP
Point of arbitrar( clinical loadin'
94
Elastic properties of metals
O
/ange)
M
Proffit)0istance that the wire *ends elastically *efore
permanent deformation occurs
M
Gusy . 0istance to which an archwire can *e activated)
M
(hurow . A linear measure of how far a wire or material
can *e deformed without e<ceedin" the limits of the
material!

95
O
Springback)
M
Proffit) Portion of the loadin" curve *Iw elastic limit and
ultimate tensile stren"th!
M
Gusy )) (he e<tent to which the ran"e recovers upon
deactivation
M
In"ram et al . a measure of how far a wire can *e
deflected without causin" permanent deformation!
M
Gapila & 2achdeva) J2IE
96
Elastic properties
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
m
a
*
i
l
i
t
y
JP
P;
s
t
r
e
s
s
strain
97
Elastic properties
O
/esiliency)Area under stress)strain curve till
proportional limit!
)Ma<imum amount of ener"y a material can a*sor*
without under"oin" permanent deformation!
-hen a wire is stretched the space *etween the
atoms increases! -ithin the elastic limit there is
an attractive force *etween the atoms!
Ener"y stored within the wire!
2tren"th O sprin"iness www.indiandentalacademy.com
98
Elastic properties
O
Work 0 ( 1 '
M
-hen wor% is done on a *ody)ener"y imparted to
it!
M
If the stress not "reater than the P; elastic ener"y
is stored in the structure!

M
Knloadin" occurs)ener"y stored is "iven out

99
Elastic properties
O
It depends on .
2tiffness and -or%in" Ran"e
O
Independent of .
9ature of the material
2iFe +or,
/orm

100
Elastic properties
O
.ormability .
M
Amount of permanent deformation that the wire can
withstand *efore failin"!
M
Indication of the a*ility of the wire to ta%e the shape
M
Also an indication of the amount of cold wor% that it can
withstand
101
Elastic properties
O
.le1ibility %
M
Amount a wire can *e strained without under"oin"
plastic deformation!
M
;ar"e deformation +or lar"e strain, with minimal force
within its elastic limit!
M
Ma<imal fle<i*ility is the strain that occurs when a wire
is stressed to its elastic limit!
Ma<! fle<i*ility P Proportional limit
Modulus of elasticity!
102
Elastic properties
s
t
r
e
s
s
strain
%ou'hness
103
Elastic properties
O
2oughness %Amount of elastic & plastic deformation
required to fracture a material! (otal area under the
stress . strain "raph!
O
)rittleness %Ina*ility to sustain plastic deformation
*efore fracture occurs!
O
.atigue % Repeated cyclic stress of a ma"nitude *elow
the fracture point of a wire can result in fracture! /ati"ue
*ehavior determined *y the num*er of cycles required to
produce fracture!
104
Elastic properties
O
*oisson3s ratio +W,
8 9 " :
;<
:
( 9 "
:
( <
:
=
A<ial tensile stress +F a<is, produces elastic tensile strain
and accompanyin" elastic contractions in < in y a<is!
(he ratio of <y or <F "ives the Poissons ratio of the material
It is the ratio of the strain alon" the len"th and alon" the
diameter of the wire!
105
Elastic properties
O
4uctility %a*ility to sustain lar"e permanent
deformation under tensile load *efore fracturin"!
-ires can *e drawn
O
#alleability .sustain deformation under compression)
hammered into sheets!

106
O
Ro*ert P!Gusy) 1663 +AO,

1! Esthetics
E! 2tiffness
7! 2tren"th
D! Ran"e
4! 2prin"*ac%
C! /orma*ility
3!Resiliency
@!Aoefficient of friction
6!Biohosta*ility
15!Biocompati*ility
11!-elda*ility
107
O
0sthetic

M
0esira*le
M
Manufacturers tried)coatin" )-hite coloured wires
M
0eformed *y masticatory loads
M
0estroyed *y oral enFymes
M
Kncoated)transparent wires)poor mechanical properties
M
/unctionXEsthetics
M
E<cept the composite wires
108
O
Stiffness < >oad 14eflection Rate
M
Proffit> ) 2lope of stress)strain curve
M
(hurow ) /orce>0istance ratio measure of resistance to
deformation!
M
Burstone . 2tiffness is related to . wire property &
appliance desi"n
-ire property is related to . Material & cross section!
M
-ilcoc% . 2tiffness R ;oad
0eflection
109
O
Ma"nitude of the force delivered *y the appliance for a
particular amount of deflection!
;ow stiffness or ;ow ;0R implies that>)
1, ;ow forces will *e applied
E, (he force will *e more constant as the appliance
deactivates
7, #reater ease and accuracy in applyin" a "iven force!
110
E
Stren'th
M
Jield stren"th proportional limit and ultimate tensile &
compressive stren"th
M
Gusy ) /orce required to activate an archwire to a
specific distance!
M
Proffit ) 2tren"th P stiffness < ran"e!
M
Ran"e limits the amount the wire can *e *ent stiffness is
the indication of the force required to reach that limit!
111
O
Ran'e
M
0istance to which an archwire can *e activated
M
0istance wire *ends elastically *efore permanent
deformation!
M
Measured in millimeters!
112
O
S.rin'bac#

M
(he e<tent to which the ran"e recovers upon deactivation
M
Alinically useful)many wires deformed
)wire performance)E; & Kltimate stren"th
113
O
-ormabilit(
M
Gusy . (he ease in which a material may *e permanently
deformed!
M
Alinically) Ease of formin" a sprin" or archwire
114
O
Resilienc(
M
2toreIa*sor* more strain ener"y Iunit volume *efore
they "et permanently deformed
M
#reater resistance to permanent deformation
M
Release of "reater amount of ener"y on deactivation
High work availability to move the teeth
115
E
Coefficient of -riction
M
Brac%ets +and teeth, must *e a*le to slide alon" the wire
M
Independent of saliva)hydrodynamic *oundary layer
M
'i"h amounts of friction 1 anchor loss!
M
(itanium wires inferior to 22
116
O
?iohostabilit()

M
2ite for accumulation of *acteria spores or viruses!
M
An ideal archwire must have poor *iohosta*ility!
M
2hould not)actively nurture nor passively act as a su*strate
for micro)or"anismsIsporesIviruses
M
/oul smell discolouration *uild up of material)compromise
mechanical properties!
117
O
?iocom.atabilit(
M
A*ility of a material to elicit an appropriate *iolo"ical
response in a "iven application in the *ody
M
-ires)resist corrosion .products . harmful
M
Aller"ies
M
(issue tolerance
118
O
@eldabilit( 1
M
Process of fusin" E or more metal parts thou"h
application of heat pressure or *oth withIout a filler
metal to produce a localiFed union across an interface!
M
-ires .should *e easily welda*le with other metals
119
Elastic properties
O
%huro+
) 7 characteristics of utmost importance
) Important for the orthodontist .selection of the
material and desi"n)any chan"e in 1 will require
compensatory chan"e in others!

Strength 0 Sti((ness 1 /ange
120
Elastic properties
O
Alinical implications>
M
(he properties can *e e<pressed in a*solute terms )in
orthodontics)simple comparison!
M
Main concern)chan"e in response . if there is chan"e
in material wire siFe or *rac%et arran"ement!
M
Gnowled"e) force and movement can *e increased or
decreased in certain circumstances
Aomparin" the 7 properties
121
Elastic properties
O
2tiffness indicates)
- rate of force delivery
how much force
how much distance can *e covered
O
2tren"th .measures the load or force that carried at its
ma<imum capacity
O
Ran"e)amount of displacement under ma<imum load

122
Elastic properties
O
/actors effectin" the 7 components
) Mechanical arran"ement)includes *rac%et width
len"th of arch wire!
)/orm of wire)siFe shape & cross)section
) Alloy formula hardness state of heat treatment
123
Optimal orces ! "ire #tiffness
?aryin" force levels produced durin" deactivation of a
wire> e<cessive optimal su*optimal & su*threshold!
0urin" treatment *y a wire with hi"h load deflection
rate the optimal Fone is present only over a small
ran"e
124
Optimal orces ! "ire #tiffness
Over*ent wire with low load)deflection rate +Burstone,
(ooth will reach desired position *efore su*threshold force
Fone is reached!
Replacement of wires is not required
125
Effects of wire cross-section
O
?aria*le)cross section orthodontics
How 'oes change in si5e an' shape o( wire e((ect
sti((ness6 strength 7 springiness8
Considerin' a cantilever beamA
126
O
0ou*lin" diameter ma%es *eam @ times stron"er
O
But only 1I1C times sprin"y
O
S the ran"e!
O
2tren"th chan"es as a cu*ic fn of the ratio of the E cross
sections!
O
2prin"iness)D
th
power
O
Ran"e)direct proportion
127
O
Rectan"ular wire
(he principle is same
O
In torsion more shear stress rather than *endin" stress
in encountered
'owever the principle is same
E
Increase in diameter . increase in stiffness & stren"th
rapidly. too stiff for orthodontic use & vice)versa
E
Ideally wire should *e in *Iw these two e<tremes
128
O
-ire selection)*ased on
O
load )deflection rate requirement
)ma"nitude of forces and moments required
Is play a factorY
O
-ire li"ature minimiFes the play in I order direction as
wires can seat fully!
O
9arrow ed"ewise *rac%ets)li"ature tie tends to minimiFe
O
9o point)5!51@& over 5!51C)diffrence in play!
129
2hould a smaller wire *e chosen to o*tain "reater elastic
deflectionY
O
Elastic deflection varies inversely with diameter of
wire *ut differences are ne"li"i*le)
O
5!51C has 1!14 times ma<imum elastic deflection as 5!51@
wire!
Ma=or reason) load deflection rate
O
2mall chan"es in the wire produce lar"e chan"es in ;)0
rate
O
0etermined *y moment of inertia!
130
Shape Moment of
Inertia
Ratio to stiffness of round
wire
d
4
64
1
s
4
12
1.7
b
3
h
12
1.7 b
3
hd
4
131
O
(he clinician needs a simplified system to determine the
stiffness of the wire he uses!
O
Aross)sectional stiffness num*er +A
2
,)relative stiffness
O
5!1mm+5!55Din, round wire)*ase of 1!
132
133
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
S
t
i
f
f
n
e
s
s

n
u
m
b
e
r

(
B
u
r
s
t
o
n
e
)
14 16 18 20 22 16x16 18x18 21x21 16x22 22x16 18x25 25x18 21x25 25x21 215x28 28x215
Wire dimension
Relative stiffness
134
O
Rectan"ular wires
M
Bendin" perpendicular to the lar"er dimension +ri**on
mode,
M
Easier than *endin" perpendicular to the smaller
dimension +ed"ewise,!
M
(he lar"er dimension 1 correction is needed!
M
(he smaller dimension 1 the plane in which more stiffness
is needed!
135
O
X first order T second order . RIBBO9
O
X 2econd order T first order ) E0#E-I2E
M
X 1st order correction in anterior se"ment
M
X End order in the posterior se"ment wire can *e
twisted 65Q
M
Ri**on mode in anterior re"ion and ed"ewise in posterior
re"ion!
136
O
Both 1
st
& E
nd
order corrections are required to the same
e<tent then square or round wires!
O
(he square wires ) advanta"e ) simultaneously control
torque
*etter orientation into a rectan"ular slot!
+do not turn and no unwanted forces are created,!
137
O
Mechanical & Elastic properties
O
Ideal requirements of an arch wires
O
2tren"th stiffness & ran"e
O
Optimal forces and wire stiffness
O
Effects of cross)section
O
2tren"th chan"es as a cu*ic fn of the ratio of the E cross
sections!
O
2prin"iness)D
th
power
O
Ran"e)direct proportion
Orthodontic wires
138
Effects of length
O
Ahan"in" the len"th)dramatically affects properties
O
Aonsiderin" a cantilever 8
139
Effects of length
If len"th is dou*led)
M
2tren"th . cut *y half)+decreases proportionately,
M
2prin"iness . inc! @ times + as a cu*ic function,
M
Ran"e . inc D times +increases as a square!,
In the case of torsion the picture is sli"htly different!
Increase in len"th .
M
2tiffness decreases proportionately
M
Ran"e increases proportionately
M
2tren"th remains unchan"ed!
140
Effects of length
O
-ay the *eam is attached also affects the values
O
Aantilever the stiffness of a wire is o*viously less
O
-ire is supported from *oth sides +as an archwire in
*rac%ets, a"ain the stiffness is affected
M
Method of li"ation of the wire into the *rac%ets!
M
;oosely li"ated so that it can slide throu"h the *rac%ets it
has Zth the stiffness of a wire that is ti"htly li"ated!
141
Effects of material
O
Modulus of elasticity varied *y chan"in" the material
O
Material stiffness num*er)relative stiffness of the
material
O
2teel )1!5+Ms,
142
Effects of material
143
$omograms
O
0eveloped *y Gusy
O
#raphic representation)comparin" wire materials and
siFes
O
/i<ed charts that display mathematical relationships)
scales
O
9omo"rams of each set drawn to same *ase any wire on
1 of 7 can *e compared to any other!

144
O
A reference wire is
chosen +5!51E&22, and
"iven a value of 1 ! (he
stren"th stiffness and
ran"e of other wires are
calculated to this
reference
$omograms
145
$omograms
146
$omograms
147
Clinical implications
O
Balance *etween stiffness stren"th & ran"e
O
?ary ) material cross)section or len"th as the
situation demands!
148
O
Bariation in Cross"Section
-ires with less cross)section)low stiffness +chan"es *y
D
th
power,
Ksed initial part of treatment
(hic%er)stiffer wires used later

149
O
Multi)stranded wires
O
E or more wires of smaller diameter are twisted
to"etherIcoiled around a core wire
O
(wistin" of the two wires causes the stren"th to increase
so that the wire can withstand masticatory forces!
O
(he properties of multistranded wires depend on the
individual wires that are coiled and on how ti"htly they
are coiled to"ether!
150
O
Bariation in len'th
M
Remova*le appliance )cantilever sprin"
M
(he material of choice is usually steel! +2tiff material,
M
#ood stren"th to resist masticatory and other oral
forces!
151
O
Increase the len"th of the wire)
Proportionate decrease in stren"th *ut the stiffness

will decrease as a cu*ic function
;en"th is increase *y either ben'ing the wire over

itsel(6 or by win'ing helices or loops into the spring
152
O
/i<ed appliance
O
(he len"th of wire *etween *rac%ets can *e increased
O
;oops or 2maller *rac%ets
or 2pecial *rac%et desi"ns .Mini)unitwin *rac%et0elta
153
E
Bariation in the material
Relatively constant dimension important for the third

order control
(itanium wires)low stiffness)used initial part of

treatment
2teel)when ri"idity)control and torque e<pression

required
154
155
2ta"e -ires Reason
Ali"nin" Multistranded 22
9i(i
#reat ran"e and li"ht
forces are reqd
2pace closure [)(i +frictionless,
22 . if slidin"
mechanics is
needed
Increased forma*ility
sprin"*ac% ran"e and
modest forces per unit
activation are needed
/inishin" 22 prefera*ly
rectan"ular
More sta*ility & less
tooth movement reqd
156
2ta"e -ires Reason
Ali"nin" Multistranded 22
;ow ;0R)22
#reat ran"e and li"ht
forces are reqd
2pace closure 22+hi"h resilience
aust!wire, .
slidin" mechanics
Increased forma*ility
sprin"*ac% ran"e and
modest forces per unit
activation are needed
/inishin" 22 R)titanium
More sta*ility & less
tooth movement reqd
157
A rou'h idea can be obtained clinicall(
O
/ormin" an arch wire with the thum* "ives an indication
of the stiffness of the wire!
O
/le<in" the wires *etween the fin"ers without deformin"
it is a measure of fle<i*ility
O
0eflectin" the ends of an archwire *etween the thum*
and fin"er "ives a measure of resiliency!
158
Ph%sical properties
O
Corrosion
Ahemical or electrochemical process in
which a solid usually a metal is attac%ed *y an
environmental a"ent resultin" in partial or complete
dissolution!
O
9ot merely a surface deposit .deterioration of metal
O
;ocaliFed corrosion)mechanical failure
O
Biolo"ical effects)corrosion products
159
Ph%sical properties
9ic%el )
1! Aarcino"enic
E! Muta"enic
7! Aytoto<ic and
D! Aller"enic!
O
2tainless steels Ao)Ar)9i alloys and 9i(i are all rich in
9i
O
Ao & Ar can also cause aller"ies!
160
Ph%sical properties
O
2tudies)9i alloy implanted in the tissue
O
Althou"h)more invasive .reactivity of the implanted
material is decreased .connective tissue capsule
O
Intraoral placement)continuous reaction with
environment
Corrosion resistance of steel"
O
22) passivatin" layer)Ar)also contains /e 9i Mo
161
Ph%sical properties
O
Passivatin" film)inner o<ide layer)mainly)Ar o<ide
outer) hydro<ide layer
O
El"iloy)similar mechanism of corrosion resistance
O
(itanium o<ides)more sta*le
O
Aorrosion resistance of 22 inferior to (i alloys
162
Ph%sical properties
-orms of
corrosion
1. 7niform attac# 1
E
Aommonest type
O
(he entire wire reacts with the environment
O
'ydro<ides or or"anometallic compounds
O
0etecta*le after a lar"e amount of metal is dissolved!
2. Pittin' Corrosion 1
O
Manufacturin" defects
O
2ites of easy attac%
163
Ph%sical properties
O
E<cessive porous surface)as received wires
Steel $i%i
164
Ph%sical properties
&. Crevice corrosion or 'as#et corrosion "
O
Parts of the wire e<posed to corrosive environment
O
9on)metallic parts to metal +sites of tyin",
O
0ifference in metal ion or o<y"en concentration
O
Plaque *uild up 1 distur*s the re"eneration of the
passivatin" layer
O
0epth of crevice)reach upto E)4 mm
O
'i"h amount of metals can *e dissolved in the mouth!
165
Ph%sical properties
166
Ph%sical properties
C.Galvanic I0lectrochemical Corrosion
O
(wo metals are =oined
O
Or even the same metal after different type of treatment
are =oined
O
0ifference in the reactivity 1
#alvanic cell!
1 1
;ess Reactive More Reactive
+Aathodic, +Anodic, less no*le metal
167
Ph%sical properties
O
;ess no*le metal)o<idiFes)anodic)solu*le
O
9o*ler metal)cathodic)corrosion resistant
O
#alvanic series&
O
22)can *e passive or active dependin" on the no*ility of
the *raFin" material
168
Ph%sical properties
5.,nter'ranular corrosion
O
2ensitiFation ) Precipitation of ArA)"rain *oundaries
)2olu*ility of chromium car*ide

D.-rettin' corrosion D.-rettin' corrosion
E
Material under load
E
-ire and *rac%ets contact .slot . archwire interface
E
/riction 1 surface destruction
E
Aold weldin" )pressure 1 rupture at contact points)
wear o<idation pattern
169
Ph%sical properties
E.*icrobiolo'icall( influenced corrosion (*,C!
O
2ulfate reducin")Bacteroides corrodens
O
Matasa . Ist to show attac% on adhesives in
orthodontics
O
Araters in the *rac%et
O
Aertain *acteria dissolve metals directly form the wires!
O
Or *y products alter the microenvironment)acceleratin"
corrosion
170
Ph%sical properties
171
Ph%sical properties
2.Stress corrosion
O
2imilar to "alvanic corrosion)electrochemical potential
difference)specific sites
O
Bendin" of wires ) different de"rees of tension and
compression develops locally
O
2ites)act as anodes and cathodes!
172
Ph%sical properties
O
9.Corrosion 9.Corrosion -ati'ue/ -ati'ue/
O
Ayclic stressin" of a wire)a"in"
O
Resistance to fracture decreases
O
Accelerated in a corrosive medium such as saliva
O
-ires left intraorally)e<tended periods of time under
load
173
Ph%sical properties
O
Corrosion 1 Studies
In vitro ?s In vivo
9ever simulate the oral environment
Retrieval studies
Biofilm)mas%s alloy topo"raphy
Or"anic and inor"anic components
MineraliFed .protective esp! low p'

174
Ph%sical properties
O
9i hypersensitivity)case reports)very scarce
O
Insertion of 9i(i wires .
rashes
swellin"
Erythymatous lesions
O
9i and Ar
impair pha"ocytosis of neutrophils and
impair chemota<is of -BAs!

175
Ph%sical properties
O
9i at conc! released from dental alloys
Activatin" monocytes and endothelial cells
Promote intercellular adhesion+molecule 1,
Promotes inflammatory response in soft tissues!

O
Arsenides and sulfides of 9i ) carcino"ens and muta"ens!

O
9i at non to<ic levels ) 09A dama"e!
177
#tainless steel
O
#old
O
16C5s)A*andoned in favour of stainless steel
O
AroFat appliance .ori"inal desi"n
O
1616 . 0r! / 'auptmeyer .Wipla (wie platin).
M
E<tremely chemically sta*le
M
Better stren"th and sprin"iness
M
'i"h resistance to corrosion)Ahromium
content.
178
#tainless steel
O
Properties of 22 controlled)varyin" the de"ree of cold
wor% and annealin" durin" manufacture
O
2teel wires)offered in a ran"e of partially annealed states
.yield stren"th pro"ressively enhanced at the cost of
forma*ility compromised
O
/ully annealed stainless steel 1 e<tremely soft and hi"hly
forma*le
O
9igature wire"0ead soft&
179
#tainless steel
O
2teel wires with hi"h yield stren"th) 2uper& "rade wires)
*rittle)used when sharp *ends are not needed
O
'i"h forma*ility) re"ular& wires)*ent into desired
shapes
180
#tainless steel
O
Structure and com.osition
O
Iron .always contains car*on)+E!1:,
O
-hen aprro< 1E:)75: Cr added) stainless
O
ArEO7)thin transparent adherent layer when e<posed to
o<idiFin" atm!
O
*assivating layer"ruptured *y chemicalImechanical
means)protective layer reforms
O
/avours the sta*ility of ferrite +BAA,
181
#tainless steel
O
$ic#el+5)EE:, . Austenitic sta*iliFer +/AA,
O
;oosly *ound
O
Aopper man"anese and nitro"en . similar function
O
Mn)dec corrosion resistance
O
Carbon +5!5@)1!E:,. provides stren"th
O
Reduces the corrosion resistance
182
#tainless steel
O
Sensiti5ation!
D55)655
o
A)looses corrosion resistance
0urin" solderin" or weldin"

O
Ahromium diffuses towards the car*on rich areas
+usually the "rain *oundaries,)chromium car*ide)most
rapid C45QA
E
Ahromium car*ide is solu*le) inter"ranular corrosion!
183
#tainless steel
O
7 methods to prevent sensitiFation)
1! Reduce car*on content)precipitation cannot occur)not
economically feasi*le
E! 2everely cold wor% the alloy)Ar car*ide ppts at
dislocations)more uniform
O
Stabili5ation
O
Addition of an element which precipitates car*ide more
easily than Ahromium!
O
9io*ium tantalum & titanium

184
#tainless steel
Ksually) (itanium!
(i C<X Aar*on
9o sensitiFation durin" solderin"!
Most steels used in orthodontics are not sta*iliFed)

additional cost
185
#tainless steel
O
Other additions and impurities)
O
Silicon . +low concentrations, improves the resistance
to o<idation and car*uriFation at hi"h temperatures and
corrosion resistance
O
Sulfur +5!514:, increases ease of machinin"
O
Phos.horous . allows sinterin" at lower temperatures!
O
But *oth sulfur and phosphorous reduce the corrosion
resistance!

186
#tainless steel
O
Classification
O
merican !ron an' Steel !nstitute (!S!)
O
-ni(ie' :umber System (-:S)
O
&erman Stan'ar's (4!:).

187
#tainless steel
O
(he AI2I num*ers used for stainless steel ran"e from
755 to 45E
O
9um*ers *e"innin" with 3 are all austenitic
O
'i"her the num*er 1
;ess the non)ferrous content
More e<pensive the alloy
9um*ers havin" a letter ; si"nify a low car*on

content
188
Austenite +/AA,
slow coolin" rapid coolin"
Mi<ture of> (emperin" Martensite +BA(,
/errite+BAA, distorted lattice)
& Pearlite hard & *rittle
Aementite+/e7A,
189
#tainless steel
190
#tainless steel
Austenitic steels +the 755 series,
O
Most corrosion resistance
O
/AA structure 1 non ferroma"netic
O
9ot sta*le at room temperature
O
Austenite sta*aliFers 19i Mn and 9
191
#tainless steel
O
(ype 75E)*asic alloy )13)16:
Ar@)15: 9i5!14:)A
O
75D) 1@)E5:)Ar @)1E:)
9i5!5@:)A
O
Gnown as the 1@)@ stainless
steels) most common in
orthodontics
O
71C;)15)1D:)9iE)7:)
Mo1C)1@:)ArO!57:)A)
implants
192
#tainless steel
O
(he followin" properties)
O
#reater ductility and mallea*ility
O
More cold wor%)stren"thened
O
Ease .weldin"
O
0ec! sensitiFation
O
;ess critical "rain "rowth
O
Ease in formin"
O
\)ray diffraction)not always sin"le phase)Bcc
martensitic phase present
193
#tainless steel
&hier'Brantl%'ournelle()*O-+,,-.

Austenitic structure)
metasta*le
0ecomposes to martensite)
cold wor% & heat treatment
Manufacturin" process
194
#tainless steel
Martensitic steel +D55,
O
/AA 1 BAA
O
BAA structure is hi"hly stressed! +BA(,
O
More "rain *oundaries
2tron"er
0ec! ductulity)E:
;ess corrosion resistant

O
Ma%in" instrument ed"es which need to *e sharp and
wear resistant!
195
#tainless steel
196
#tainless steel
/erritic steels . +the D55 series,
O
9ame derived from the fact)microstr +BAA, same as iron
O
0ifference)Ar
O
super ferritics&)16)75: Ar)used 9i free *rac%ets
O
#ood corrosion resistance low stren"th!
O
9ot hardena*le *y heat treatment)no phase chan"e
O
9ot readily cold wor%ed!
197
#tainless steel
0uple< steels
O
Both austenite and ferrite "rains
O
/eMoAr lower nic%el content
O
Increased tou"hness and ductility than ferritic steels
O
(wice the yield stren"th of austenitic steels
O
'i"h corrosion resistant)heat treated .si"ma)dec
corrosion resistance
O
Manufacturin" low nic%el attachments)one piece
*rac%ets
198
#tainless steel
Precipitation hardened steels
O
Aertain elements added to them 1 precipitate and
increase the hardness on heat treatment!
O
(he stren"th is very hi"h
O
Resistance to corrosion is low!
O
Ksed to ma%e mini)*rac%ets!
199
#tainless steel
-/eneral
properties
1. Relativel( stiff material
O
Jield stren"th and stiffness can *e varied
Alterin" diameterIcross section
Alterin" the car*on content and
Aold wor%in" and
Annealin"
O
'i"h forces ) dissipate over a very short amount of
deactivation +hi"h load deflection rate,!
200
#tainless steel
O
In clinical terms)
M
;oop ) activated to a very small e<tent so as to
achieve optimal force *ut
M
0eactivated *y only a small amount +5!1 mm,
force level will drop tremendously
M
(ype of force)9ot physiolo"ic
M
More activations
201
#tainless steel
O
/orce required to en"a"e a steel wire into a severely mal)
ali"ned tooth!
Either cause the *rac%et to pop out
Or the patient to e<perience pain!

O
Overcome *y usin" thinner wires which have a lower
stiffness!
O
9ot much control!
202
#tainless steel
'i"h stiffness can *e advanta"eous
O
Maintain the positions of teeth & hold the corrections
achieved
O
Be"" treatment stiff archwire to dissipate the adverse
effects of third sta"e au<iliaries
203
#tainless steel
E! >o+est frictional resistance
O
Ideal choice of wire durin" space closure with slidin"
mechanics
O
(eeth will *e held in their corrected relation
O
Minimum resistance to slidin"
204
#tainless steel
&.Fi'h corrosion resistance
9i is used as an austenite sta*iliFer!
O
9ot stron"ly *onded to produce a chemical compound!
O
;i%elihood of slow release of 9i
O
2ymptoms in sensitiFed patients
205
#tainless steel
O
Passivatin" layer dissolved in areas of plaque
accumulation . Arevice corrosion!
O
0ifferent de"rees of cold wor% . #alvanic corrosion
O
0ifferent sta"es of re"eneration of passivatin" layer .
#alvanic corrosion
O
2ensitiFation . Inter)"ranular corrosion
206
#tainless steel
O
1616)22 introduced
O
2tructure and composition)stainless
O
Alassifications
O
/AA)BAA
O
#eneral properties
208
0igh 1ensile )ustralian "ires
O
Alaude Arthur L! -ilcoc% started association with dental
profession)167C)73
O
Around 16DC)asssociation with 0r!Be""
O
/lu< silver solder loc% pins *rac%ets *ands li"ature
wires pliers & hi"h tensile wire
O
9eeded)wires that were active for lon"
O
0r Be"")pro"ressively harder wires
209
O
Be"inners found it difficult to use the hi"hest tensile
wires
O
#radin" system
O
;ate 1645s the "rades availa*le were .
Re"ular
Re"ular plus
2pecial
2pecial plus
210
O
0emand)very hi"h)1635s
O
Raw materials overseas
O
'i"her "rades)Premium
O
Preformed appliances torquin" au<iliaries sprin"s
O
Pro*lems)impossi*ility in strai"htenin" for appliances
)wor% softenin")strai"htenin"
)*rea%in"
211
M
'i"her wor%in" ran"e) E
+same, But inc! J2
Ran'e96S<0
M
'i"her resiliency
Resil36S
2<
0
M
Bero stress rela<ation
M
Reduced forma*ility
212
Gero Stress Rela;ation
O
If a wire is deformed and held in a fi<ed position the
stress in the wire may diminish with time *ut the strain
remains constant!
O
Property of a wire to deliver a constant li"ht elastic
force when su*=ected to e<ternal forces +li%e occlusal
forces,!
O
Only wires with hi"h yield stren"th)possess this desira*le
property
213
O
Rela<ation in material) 2lip dislocation
O
Materials with hi"h J2)resist such dislocations)internal
frictional force!
O
9ew wires)maintain their confi"uration)forces "enerated
are unaffected
214
O
Bero stress rela<ation in sprin"s!
O
(o avoid rela<ation in the wire$s wor%in" stress
O
0iameter of coil > 0iameter of wire P D +sprin" inde<,
O
smaller diameter of wires 1 smaller diameter sprin"s +li%e
the mini sprin"s,
O
'i"her "rade wires +hi"h J2, ratio can *e PE much
li"hter force
O
Bite openin" anchor *ends)
Fero stress rela<ation .infrequent reactivation
215
O
S.inner strai'htenin'
O
It is mechanical process of strai"htenin" resistant
materials in the cold)hard drawn condition
O
(he wire is pulled throu"h rotatin" *ronFe rollers that
torsionally twist it into strai"ht condition
O
-ire su*=ected to tension)reverse strainin"!
O
0isadv>
O
0ecreases yield stren"th +strain softened,
O
Areates rou"her surface
216
O
2trai"htenin" a wire ) pullin" throu"h a series of rollers
O
Prestrain in a particular direction!
O
Jield stren"th for *endin" in the opposite direction will
decrease!
217
O
?auschin'er effect
O
0escri*ed *y 0r! Bauschin"er in 1@@C!
O
Material strained *eyond its yield point in one direction
then strained in the reverse direction
its yield stren"th in the reverse direction is reduced!
218
roundnin"
219
O
Plastic prestrain increases the elastic limit of
deformation in the same direction as the prestrain!
O
Plastic prestrain decreases the elastic limit of
deformation in the direction opposite to the prestrain!
O
If the ma"nitude of the prestrain is increased the elastic
limit in the reverse direction can reduce to Fero!
220
O
LAO1661 Lun+7CD ) 7C6,> Alinical Aonsiderations in the
Kse of Retraction Mechanics ) Lulie Ann 2ta""ers
9icholas #ermane
O
(he ran"e of action will *e "reatest in the direction of the
last *end
O
-ith open loop activation un*ends loop8 *ut with closed
loop activation is in the direction of the last *end
)increases ran"e of activation!
O
Premium wire 1 special plus or special wire
222
O
Pulse strai'htenin'
Placed in special machines that permits hi"h tensile
wires to *e strai"htened!
(his method >
Permits the strai"htenin" of hi"h tensile wires
1! 0oes not reduce the yield stren"th of the wire
E! Results in a smoother wire hence less wire . *rac%et
friction!
223
O
4r.*ollenhauer requested .ultra hi"h tensile 22
round wire!
O
2upreme "rade wire .lin"ual orthodontics)initial faster
and "entler ali"nment of teeth)*rac%ets close
O
;a*ial Be"" *rac%ets)reduces tenderness
O
Intrusion 1 simultaneously with the *ase wires
O
#in"ival health seemed *etter
224
O
'i"her yield stren"th 1
more fle<i*le

O
2upreme "rade 1fle<i*ility
P N)titanium!

O
'i"her resiliency 1 nearly
three times!
O
9i(i 1 hi"her fle<i*ility
*ut it lac%s forma*ility
225
Methods of increasin" yield stren"th of Australian
wires!
1! -or% hardenin"
E! 0islocation loc%in"
7! 2olid solution stren"thenin"
D! #rain refinement and orientation
226
(welftree Aoc%s and 2ims +ALO 1633,
O
-ires)5!51C)3 wires
O
Premium plus Premium and 2pecial plus wires showed
minimal stress rela<ation)no rela<ation )7 days
O
2pecial
O
Remanit
O
Jellow El"iloy
O
Knisil!
O
2pecial plus maintained ori"inal coil siFe Knisil)inc!
curvature
227
O
'aFel Rohan & -est +16@D,
2tress rela<ation of 2pecial plus wires after E@ days

was less than 0entaurum 22 and El"iloy wires!
O
Barrowes +@E,
2p!plus "reater wor%in" ran"e than stnd! 22 *ut

9i(i(MA & multistranded)"reater

O
Lyothindra Gumar +@6, )evluated wor%in" ran"e
Australian wires)*etter recovery than Remanuim

228
O
Pulse strai"htened wires . 2pinner
strai"htened
+2%aria 1661,
2tren"th stiffness and Ran"e hi"her than spinner

stai"htened wires
Aoeff! of friction hi"her)almost dou*le
2imilar) surface topo"raphy stress rela<ation and

Elemental ma%eup!
229
O
Anuradha Acharya +E555,
2uper Plus +Ortho Or"aniFers, . *etween 2pecial plus

and Premium
Premier +(P, . Aompara*le to 2pecial
Premier Plus +(P,. 2pecial Plus
Bowfle< +(P, . Premium

230
O
'i"hest yield stren"th and ultimate tensile stren"th as
compared to the correspondin" wires!
O
'i"her ran"e
O
;esser coefficient of friction
2urface area seems to *e rou"her than that of the

other manufacturers$ wires!
O
;owest stress rela<ation!
231
O
'i"h and sharp yield points)freein" of dislocations and
effective shear stress to move these dislocations!
O
/low stress dependent on)
(emperature
0ensity of dislocations in the material

O
Resultin" structure)hard)hi"h flow stress
O
Plastic deformation a*sence of dislocation loc%in")low
J2
O
Internal stressPapplied stress < density of dislocations
232
/racture of wires and crac% propa"ation
0islocation loc%in"
+
'i"h tensile wires have hi"h density of dislocations and
crystal defects
+
Pile up and form a minute crac%
+
2tress concentration
233
2mall stress applied with the plier *ea%s
+
Arac% propa"ation
+
Elastic ener"y is released
+
Propa"ation accelerates to the nearest "rain *oundary
234
-ays of preventin" fracture
1!Bendin" the wire around the flat *ea% of the pliers!
)Introduces a moment a*out the thum* and wire "rippin"
point which reduces the applied stress on the wire!
235
236
E! (he wire should not *e held ti"htly in the *ea%s of the
pliers!
Area of permanent deformation to *e sli"htly enlar"ed
9ic%in" and scarrin" avoided
7!-ilcoc%)Be"" li"ht wire pliers prefera*ly not tun"sten
car*ide tipped
237
238
D! (he ed"es rounded 1 reduce the stress concentration in
the wire! .sandpaper & polish if sharp!
4!0uctile . *rittle transition temperature sli"htly a*ove
room temperature!
-ire should *e warmed . pull thou"h fin"ers
2pools %ept in oven at a*out D5
o
so that the wire
remains sli"htly warm!
239
Multistranded wires
O
(hey are composed of specified num*ers of thin wire
sections coiled around each other to provide round or
rectan"ular cross section
O
(he wires)twisted or *raided
O
-hen twisted around a core wire)coa<ial wire
240
Multistranded wires
Co-axial
Twisted wie
M!lti "aided
241
Multistranded wires
O
Individual diameter ) 5!51C4 or 5!513@
final diameter . 5!51CH . 5!5E4
O
On *endin" ) individual strands slip over each other
ma%in" *endin" easy!
O
2trands of !553 inch twisted into !513 inch)+7 wires,
stiffness compara*le to a solid wire of !515 inch
242
Multistranded wires
O
2tiffness . decreases as a function of the D
th
power
O
Ran"e . increases proportionately
O
2tren"th . decreases as a function of the 7
rd
power
#es!lt - $i%$ elasti& 'od!l!s wie "e$a(i)% li*e a low
sti++)ess wie
243
Multistranded wires
Elastic properties of multistranded archwires depend on .
1!Material parameters . Modulus of elasticity
E!#eometric factors . moment of inertia & wire dimension
7!(wistin" or *raidin" or coa<ial
D!0imensionless constants
9um*er of strands coiled
'elical sprin" shape factor
Bendin" plane shape factor

244
Multistranded wires
'elical sprin" shape factor
O
Aoils resem*le the shape of a helical sprin"!
O
(he helical sprin" shape factor is "iven as .
Esin R
EO v cos R
R ) heli< an"le and
v ) Poisson$s ratio +lateral strainIa<ial strain,
An"le R can *e seen in the followin" dia"ram >)
245
Multistranded wires
246
Multistranded wires
2chematic definition of the heli< an"le +a,! If one revolution of a wire
strand is unfurled and its *ase len"th ]p+0)d,^ and correspondin"
distance traversed alon" the ori"inal wire a<is +2_, are determined
then a ratio of these two distances equals tan a! Everythin" else
*ein" equal the "reater p+0)d, or the less 2_ is the more compliant
a wire will *e!
247
Multistranded wires
O
Bendin" shape factor
O
Aomple< property
num*er of strands
orientation of the strands
diameter of the strands and the entire wire
heli< an"le etc

!
O
0ifferent for different types of multistranded wires
248
Multistranded wires
O
0eflection of multi stranded wire
P GP;
7
knEI
G . loadIsupport constant
P . applied force
; . len"th of the *eam
; % helical sprin" shape factor
n) no of strands
E . modulus of elasticity
I . moment of inertia
249
Multistranded wires
Gusy +ALO 16@D,
O
(riple stranded 5!5134& +7<5!55@&, 22
O
#AA$s -ildcat
O
Aompared the results to other wires commonly used *y
orthodontists) 229i(i & N)(i
250
Multistranded wires
O
(he multistranded wire did not resem*le the 5!51@ wire
in any way e<cept for the siFe and & slot en"a"ement
E
2tiffness was compara*le to 5!515 22 wire *ut stren"th
was E5: hi"her
E
5!51C 9i(i)equal in stiffness considera*ly stron"er and
45: more activation
E
5!51C N)(i .twice as stiff compara*le to 5!51E 22
251
Multistranded wires
252
Multistranded wires
253
Multistranded wires
In"ram #ipe and 2mith +ALO
@C,
O
Ran"e independent of wire
siFe
O
Ran"e seems to increase
with increase in diameter
O
It varies only from 11!E)15!5)
lar"est siFe havin" sli"htly
"reater ran"e than smallest
wire!
254
Multistranded wires
O
Olt=en0uncanson9andaAurrier +AO)1663,
O
-ire stiffness can *e altered *y not only chan"in" the
siFe or alloy composition *ut *y varyin" the num*er of
strands!
O
Increase in 9o! of strands + stiffness
O
Knli%e sin"le stranded wires
stiffness varied as deflection varied!

,ncrease in $o. of strands
+ stiffness
7nli#e sin'le stranded
+ires
stiffness varied as
deflection varied.
255
Multistranded wires
Ruc%er & Gusy +AO E55E,
O
Interaction *etween individual strands was ne"li"i*le!
O
Ran"e and stren"th 1(riple stranded P Ao)a<ial +si<
stranded,
O
2tiffness 1 Aoa<ial T (riple stranded
O
Ran"e of small dimension sin"le stranded 22 wire was
similar!
256
Multistranded wires
257
Co2alt chromium
O
1645s the El"in -atch
(he heart that never *rea%s&
O
Roc%y Mountain Orthodontics ) El"iloy
O
AoAr alloys .*elon" to stellite alloys
superior resistance to corrosion +Ar o<ide,

compara*le to that of "old alloys e<ceedin" 22!
258
Co2alt chromium
Com.osition
O
Ao)D5:
O
Ar)E5:
O
9i)14: ) stren"th & ductility
O
/e)1C:traces of Moly*denum (un"sten (itanium)
sta*le car*ides .enhance hardena*ility and set resistance!
259
Co2alt chromium
Advanta'es over SS
1! 0elivered in different de"rees of hardenin" or tempers
E! 'i"h forma*ility
7!/urther hardened *y heat treatment
D!#reater resistance to fati"ue and distortion
4!;on"er function as a resilient sprin"
260
Co2alt chromium
O
(he alloy as received
is hi"hly forma*le
and can *e easily
shaped!
O
'eat treated)
Aonsidera*le stren"th
and resiliency
2tren"th ^
/orma*ility +
261
Co2alt chromium
O
Ideal temperature) D@E
o
A for 3 to 1E mins
O
Precipitation hardenin"
^ ultimate tensile stren"th of the alloy without

hamperin" the resilience!
O
After heat treatment El"iloy had elastic properties
similar to steel
O
! 'eatin" a*ove C45
o
A
partial annealin" and softenin" of the wire

O
Optimum heat treatment 1 dar% straw color of the wire or
temperature indicatin" paste
262
Co2alt chromium
164@)16C1)D tempers

Red . hard & resilient
#reen . semi)resilient
Jellow . sli"htly less forma*le
*ut ductile
Blue . soft & forma*le
263
Co2alt chromium
O
?lue)*ent easily )fin"ers or pliers
O
Recommended .considera*le *endin" solderin" or
weldin" required
O
6ello+ )*ent with ease)more resilient
)inc! in resiliency and sprin" performance)heat
O
Green 1more resilient than yellowcan *e shaped to
some e<tent)pliers
O
Red" most resilient .hi"h sprin" qualitiesminimal
wor%in"
'eat treatment)inc! resilient *ut fractures easily!
264
Co2alt chromium
After heat treatment
O
Blue and yellow Pnormal steel wire
O
#reen and red tempers Phi"her "rade steel
O
E very similar .22 & *lue el"iloy +15: inc in E,
O
2imilar force delivery and =oinin" characters
266
Co2alt chromium
O
Aompara*le amount of 9i
O
Aoefficient of friction hi"her than steel )recent study)
compara*le to steel)Fero torque *rac%ets are used!
O
(he hi"h modulus of elasticity of Ao)Ar and 22)
0eliver twice the force of N)(i and Dtimes 9i(i for equal
amounts of activation!
267
Co2alt chromium
O
2tannard et al +ALO 16@C,
Ao)Ar hi"hest frictional resistance in wet and dry

conditions!
E
In"ram #ipe and 2mith
+ALO @C,
M
9on heat treated
M
Ran"e T stainless steel
of compara*le siFes
M
But after heat treatment
the ran"e was
considera*ly increased!
268
Co2alt chromium
O
Gusy et al +ALO E551,
O
1C mil +5!Dmm or !51C inch, evaluated
O
E values .identical
)red .hi"hest) J2 & K(2
)*lue)most ductile
269
Co2alt chromium
O
(he elastic modulus did not vary apprecia*ly 1 ed"ewise
or ri**on)wise confi"urations!
O
Round wires )
hi"her ductility than square or rectan"ular wires
270
Co2alt chromium
O
(he avera"es of EJ2K(2 and ductility plotted a"ainst
specific cross)sec area!
O
Elastic properties +yield stren"th and ultimate tensile
stren"th and ductility, were quite similar for different
cross sectional areas and tempers!
O
(his does not seem to a"ree with what is e<pected of the
wires!
271
Co2alt chromium
272
Co2alt chromium
O
Conclusion) *ased on force)deactivation
characteristics) interchan"ea*ly . 22
O
Aan choose different tempers and amounts of forma*ility
O
Inc the J2 *y heat treatin"
O
/ine in principle)*ut)lac% of control of the processin"
varia*les in the as received state!
273
To strive, to seek to find ,and not to yield
" >ord %enn(son ( 7l(ssess!
274
References
O
Proffit . Aontemporary orthodontics)7
rd
ed
O
#ra*er vanarsdall . orthodontics . current principles
and techniques)7
rd
ed
O
Phillips$ science of dental materials)Anusavice )11
th
ed
O
Orthodontic materials)scientific and clinical aspects)
Brantly and Eliades
O
Ed"ewise orthodontics)R!A! (hurow)D
th
ed
O
9otes on dental materials)E!A!Aom*e)C
th
ed
275
References
O
/ran% and 9i%olai! A comparative study of frictional
resistance *etween orthodontic *rac%ets and archwires!
ALO @583@>467)C56
O
Burstone! ?aria*le modulus orthodontics! ALO @18 @5>1)
1C
O
Gusy and 0illey! Elastic property ratios of a triple
stranded stainless steel archwire! ALO @D8@C>133)1@@
O
2tannard #au 'anna! Aomparative friction of
orthodontic wires under dry and wet conditions! <=
>?@>ABC>D"CA1In"ram #ipe 2mith! Aomparative ran"e
of orthodontic wires ALO 16@C865>E6C)753
276
References
O
In"ram #ipe 2mith! Aomparative ran"e of orthodontic
wires ALO 16@C865>E6C)75
O
Arthur L -ilcoc%! LAO interviews! LAO 16@@8EE>D@D)D@6
O
Ghier Brantley /ournelle2tructure and mechanical
properties of as received and heat treated stainless steel
orthodontic wires! ALO March 16@@ 67 7 E5C)E1E
O
(welftree Aoc%s 2ims! (ensile properties of Orthodontic
wires! ALO @683E>C@E)C@3
O
Gapila & 2achdeva! Mechanical properties and clinical
applications of orthodontic wires. <= >A@A?B1EE"1EA.
277
References
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Arthur -ilcoc%! Applied materials en"ineerin" for
orthodontic wires! Aust! Orthod L! 16@6811>EE)E6!
O
Lulie Ann 2ta""ers 9icolas Alinical considerations in the
use of retraction mechanics!! LAO Lune 1661
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Glump 0uncanson 9anda Aurrier Elastic ener"yI
2tiffness ratios for selected orthodontic wires!! ALO 166D
15C C 4@@)46C
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A study of the metallur"ical properties of newly introduced
hi"h tensile wires in comparison to the hi"h tensile
Australian wires for various applications in orthodontic
treatment! . Anuradha Acharya M02 0issertation
2eptem*er E555!
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References
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Gusy Mims whitley Mechanical characteristics of
various tempers of as received Ao)Ar archwires!! ALO
March E551 116 7 E3D)E@6
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Eliades Athanasios) In vivo a"in" of orthodontic alloys>
implications for corrosion potential nic%el release &
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1

;ac%ed fle<i*ility and tensile stren"th

Inappropriate for comple< machinin" and =oinin"!

2trips of wire of precious metals!

=ac% screws +ri"id,

e<pansion arches +elastic,

(he Ed"ewaterH tradition)

9ic%el free (itanium alloy!

(i ) @E: Mo ) 14: 9*)7:

0ecrease mechanical stren"th

After manufacture .further selection to surpass the

Orthodontists .small yet demandin" customers

reduction in the diameter of the wire +nec%in",

Ksed initial part of treatment

(hic%er)stiffer wires used later

Proportionate decrease in stren"th *ut the stiffness

;en"th is increase *y either ben'ing the wire over

Relatively constant dimension important for the third

(itanium wires)low stiffness)used initial part of

2teel)when ri"idity)control and torque e<pression

9ever simulate the oral environment

Biofilm)mas%s alloy topo"raphy

Or"anic and inor"anic components

MineraliFed .protective esp! low p'

impair pha"ocytosis of neutrophils and

impair chemota<is of -BAs!

Activatin" monocytes and endothelial cells

Promote intercellular adhesion+molecule 1,

Promotes inflammatory response in soft tissues!

0urin" solderin" or weldin"

9o sensitiFation durin" solderin"!

Most steels used in orthodontics are not sta*iliFed)

;ess the non)ferrous content

More e<pensive the alloy

9um*ers havin" a letter ; si"nify a low car*on

;ess corrosion resistant

Alterin" diameterIcross section

Alterin" the car*on content and

Aold wor%in" and

Either cause the *rac%et to pop out

Or the patient to e<perience pain!

2tress rela<ation of 2pecial plus wires after E@ days

2p!plus "reater wor%in" ran"e than stnd! 22 *ut

Australian wires)*etter recovery than Remanuim

2tren"th stiffness and Ran"e hi"her than spinner

Aoeff! of friction hi"her)almost dou*le

2imilar) surface topo"raphy stress rela<ation and

2uper Plus +Ortho Or"aniFers, . *etween 2pecial plus

Premier +(P, . Aompara*le to 2pecial

Premier Plus +(P,. 2pecial Plus

Bowfle< +(P, . Premium

2urface area seems to *e rou"her than that of the

0ensity of dislocations in the material

9um*er of strands coiled

'elical sprin" shape factor

Bendin" plane shape factor

orientation of the strands

diameter of the strands and the entire wire

heli< an"le etc

stiffness varied as deflection varied!

superior resistance to corrosion +Ar o<ide,

^ ultimate tensile stren"th of the alloy without

partial annealin" and softenin" of the wire

9umers havin" a letter ; si"nify a low caron