The Human Circulatory System

Section 9-2
Veins
Veins have thinner, slightly elastic walls.

Veins have flap-like valves that allow blood to
flow in only one direction toward the heart.

The smallest veins are called venules.
Venules branch from capillary networks.

Capillaries
Capillary networks connect arterioles (smallest
arteries) and venules (smallest veins).

Red blood cells pass through capillaries in
single file.
RBCs Pass Through Capillaries In Single File
EKG Simulator
Blue:
Oxygen Poor
Blood.
Red:
Oxygen Rich
Blood.
Lungs
replenish the
blood with
oxygen. How
it works:
RBCs pick up
O
2
through
diffusion
across the
capillary
membrane.
Can
You
Label
The
Parts?
The Circulatory System
Interacts With Other
Systems To Maintain
Homeostasis.
The ECG/EKG
ECG (or EKG) stands for electrocardiogram.
Electrical impulses coordinated by the
nervous system control the beating of the
heart. An EKG records these impulses.

See Animation
http://www.medmovie.com/dqt77b/index.htm
Electrical Signals From The Nervous System
Coordinate The Beating Of The Heart
The Developing
Heart of a
Zebrafish Embryo
http://bioimaging.caltech.edu/index_content.html
Note: In Crocodilians, heart is actually
completely separated. They can prevent blood
from flowing through the pulmonary circuit
while underwater by using a muscular valve.
Disorders of the Circulatory
System
Disorders of the circulatory system are very
common in this country.

They are the leading cause of death in America
every year.
Arteriosclerosis and
Atherosclerosis.
Arteriosclerosis: a condition involving the
hardening of the arteries. When this happens,
the heart must work harder to push blood through
the circulatory system. In severe cases, the body
is unable to get oxygen to all of its cells.
Most Common Type:
Atherosclerosis: a buildup of fat deposits (plaque)
in the innermost lining of medium and large
arteries.
Plaque: material containing lipids (i.e. cholesterol) and
minerals such as calcium.
Thrombus: a clot of blood formed within a blood vessel
and remaining attached to its place of origin.

Atherosclerosis, contd
When plaque and blood clots block part of or
all of an artery, blood pressure goes up and
blood flow can be reduced.
See Animation
Atherosclerosis (High Speed)
Plaque
Disorders, Contd
Most disorders are a result of
arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis.

They include high blood pressure, heart attack,
and stroke.
High Blood Pressure
Hypertension = High Blood Pressure.

Hypertension makes the heart work harder,
which can damage the heart and other tissues.

Each pound of fat adds 1 mile of capillaries,
forcing the heart to work harder.
Blood Pressure Classification
Classification of blood pressure levels for adults 18 years and older. Systolic
pressure, the higher number of a blood pressure reading, is the pressure as
the heart pumps; diastolic pressure is the pressure when the heart relaxes
between beats.
Normal* < 130 < 85
High normal 130-139 85-89
Hypertension
STAGE 1 (Mild) 140-159 90-99
STAGE 2 (Moderate) 160-179 100-109
STAGE 3 (Severe) 180-209 110-119
STAGE 4 (Very Severe) >209 >119
Measured in millimeters of mercury

*Optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mm Hg. Unusually low readings should be evaluated by a physician.


Source: Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National Institutes of Health.
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2003. 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Category Systolic BP Diastolic BP
Coronary Heart Disease is a chronic illness in which the coronary
arteries, the vessels that supply oxygen-carrying blood to the heart,
become narrowed and unable to carry a normal amount of blood. When
its blood supply is reduced, the heart does not receive sufficient
oxygen. This oxygen deficit leads to two main consequences: chest
pain known as angina pectoris, and heart attack, in which part of the
heart dies because of oxygen deprivation. Coronary heart disease is the
leading cause of death in the United States, responsible for nearly
460,000 deaths each year.
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2003. 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Coronary Heart Disease/Heart Attack
Treatments for Coronary Heart
Disease (CHD)
Angioplasty:
During angioplasty, the doctor threads a thin tube called a catheter through
your artery to insert a balloon. When the doctor inflates the balloon, it opens up
the blocked part of the artery. Sometimes a small, flexible tube, called a stent, is
placed in the artery and left there to help keep the blood vessel open. This
procedure is called stenting. Doctors often recommend angioplasty, and possibly
stenting, for people who have angina that isn't helped by medicines. Angina is
another name for chest pain.
Discovery Health
Coronary Bypass Surgery:
In bypass surgery, a length of blood vessel is removed from elsewhere in the
patients bodyusually a vein from the leg or an artery from the wrist. The
surgeon sews one end to the aorta and the other end to the coronary artery,
creating a conduit for blood to flow that bypasses the narrowed segment.
Surgeons today commonly use an artery from the inside of the chest wall
because bypasses made from this artery are very durable.
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2003. 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All
rights reserved.

Balloon Angioplasty
Angioplasty often involves a stent.


See Animation
Angioplasty
http://www.healthscout.com/animation/68/38/main.html
Coronary Bypass Surgery
See Animation
Heart Bypass Surgery
http://www.healthscout.com/animation/68/36/main.html
Comparison of Treatments for CHD
Angioplasty Bypass Surgery
Surgery Minor Major
Cost Less Expensive More Expensive
Length of
Procedure
30 minutes - 2 hours 3 hours 6 hours
Anesthesia Local (Less Risk) General (Greater Risk)
Hospital Stay 1-3 days 4-7 days
Recovery
Time
Short Long (Many Weeks)
Effectiveness May need to be
repeated in 6 months.
Results normally last
longer.
Discovery Health
Symptoms of a Heart Attack
Nausea
Shortness of Breath
Severe, Crushing Chest Pain
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
(DASH).
Prevention
Stroke
A Stroke results when blood clots formed as a
result of atherosclerosis break free and get stuck in
the blood vessels leading to a part of the brain.
This is called ischemic stroke. Ischemic strokes happen
in about 80% of stroke cases.

A stroke can also happen when a weakened artery in
the brain bursts, flooding the area with blood.
This is called hemorrhagic stroke. Hemorrhagic stroke
happens in about 20% of stroke cases.

Brain cells die from a lack of oxygen, and brain
function in that region may be lost.

Strokes can result in death.
Symptoms/Consequences of
Strokes
Paralysis
Loss of the ability to speak
Impaired speech

Ischemic Stroke
Embolic and thrombolic
strokes are the two types
of ischemic strokes. In
embolic stroke, a blood
clot from outside the brain
or neck (i.e. heart) blocks
a blood vessel of the
brain. In thrombolic
stroke, a blood clot from
the brain or neck blocks a
blood vessel of the brain.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
In hemorrhagic stroke, a
blood vessel in the brain
breaks and leaks blood into
its surroundings, leaving a
portion of the brain without
oxygen. This is a more
serious type of stroke than
ischemic stroke, and often
results from an aneurysm.
An aneurysm is a localized
enlargement of a blood
vessel that forms a bulge or
sac. Aneurysms are caused
by disease, weakening of the
vessels wall, injury, or an
abnormality present at birth.
Aneurysms
can be the
precursors to
hemorrhagic
stroke.
Regions of the Brain Affected By Stroke
Interactivity
http://www.klbschool.org.uk/interactive/science/heart.htm
Just For Fun:
Watch Web
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St. Joseph Aspirin Commercial
http://www.stjosephaspirin.com/images/stjoseph/pumpblood/index.html
Pump, pump, pumps your Blood.
The right atriums where the process begins, where the CO
2
Blood enters the heart.
Through the tricuspid valve, to the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery, and lungs.
Once inside the lungs, it dumps its carbon dioxide and picks up its oxygen supply.
Then its back to the heart through the pulmonary vein, through the atrium and left ventricle.
Pump, pump, pumps your Blood.

Pump, pump, pumps your Blood.
The aortic valves, where the Blood leaves the heart, then it's channeled to the rest of the bod.
The arteries, arterioles, and capillaries too bring the oxygenated Blood to the cells.
The tissues and the cells trade off waste and CO
2
, which is carried through the venules and the veins
Through the larger vena cava to the atrium and lungs, and we're back to where we started in the heart.
Pump, pump, pumps your Blood

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