INTRODUCTION

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the

developed world:
1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer
1 in 17 deaths are due to lung cancer
Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in
women
There are over 100 different forms of cancer
The division of normal cells is precisely controlled.
New cells are only formed for growth or to replace
dead ones.
Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out of control
even though they are not needed, they crowd out
other normal cells and function abnormally. They
can also destroy the correct functioning of major
organs.
CAUSES OF CANCER
Cancer arises from the mutation of a normal gene.
Mutated genes that cause cancer are called oncogenes.
It is thought that several mutations need to occur to
give rise to cancer
Cells that are old or not functioning properly normally
self destruct and are replaced by new cells.
However, cancerous cells do not self destruct and
continue to divide rapidly producing millions of new
cancerous cells.
TYPES
ORAL CANCER
Oral cancer or mouth cancer,

a subtype of head and neck cancer, is any
CAUSES
Oncogenes are activated as a result of mutation of the DNA. Risk factors
that predispose a person to oral cancer have been identified in
epidemiological (epidemiology) studies.
cancerous tissue growth
PROGNOSIS
Postoperative disfigurement of the face, head and neck
Complications of radiation therapy, including dry mouth and difficulty
swallowing
Other metastasis (spread) of the cancer
Significant weight loss
located in the oral cavity.
THROAT CANCER

Throat cancer refers to cancerous tumors that develop in your throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx) or
tonsils.







TREATMENT
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams, such as X-rays, to deliver radiation to the cancer cells,
causing them to die.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses chemicals to kill cancer cells.
Targeted drug therapy
Targeted drugs treat throat cancer by taking advantage of specific defects in cancer cells that fuel the
cells' growth.

SYMPTOMS
Signs and symptoms of throat cancer may include:
A cough
Changes in your voice, such as hoarseness
Difficulty swallowing
Ear pain
A lump or sore that doesn't heal
A sore throat
Weight loss

KIDNEY CANCER

Kidney cancer is a type
of cancer that starts in the
cells in the kidney.
Signs and symptoms
The most common signs and
symptoms of kidney cancer
are a mass in
the abdomen and/or blood in
the urine (or hematuria)
Treatment
Treatment for kidney cancer depends on the type and stage of the
disease. Surgery is typically the mainstay of treatment and it
usually doesn't involve chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as kidney
cancers often do not respond to these treatments.
LIVER CANCER

Liver cancer or hepatic cancer is a cancer that
originates in the liver.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Because liver cancer is an umbrella term for many
types of cancer, the signs and symptoms depend on
what type of cancer is present.
TREATMENT
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatoblastoma

LUNG CANCER

COLON CANCER

Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer, rectal cancer,
or bowel cancer, is a cancer from uncontrolled cell growth in
the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine), or in the appendix.

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis of colorectal cancer is via tumor biopsy typically done during col

THE TREATMENT of colorectal cancer can be aimed at curation or
palliation.onoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, depending on the location of the
lesion.
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Palliative care

PANCREATIC
CANCER

Pancreatic cancer is a malignant neoplasm originating from
transformed cells arising in tissues forming the pancreas.
DIAGNOSIS
Most patients with pancreatic cancer experience pain, weight loss,
or jaundice.

TREATMENT
Exocrine pancreas cancer
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Watchful waiting
Surger
Hormone therapy
Radiation
Radiolabeled hormone
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation, hepatic artery
embolization


SKIN CANCER

Skin cancers (skin neoplasms) are named after the type of skin cell
from which they arise. Basal cell cancer originates from the lowest layer
of the epidermis, and is the most common but least dangerous skin
cancer.
Signs and symptoms
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma

TREATMENT is dependent on type of cancer, location of the cancer,
age of the patient, and whether the cancer is primary or a recurrence.
Treatment is also determined by the specific type of cancer.
BREAST CANCER

Breast cancer is a type of cancer originating
from breast tissue, most commonly from the inner
lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply the
ducts with milk.
DIAGNOSIS
Most types of breast cancer are easy to diagnose by microscopic analysis of a
sampleor biopsyof the affected area of the breast. There are, however, rarer
types of breast cancer that require specialized lab exams.

PREVENTION
Women may reduce their risk of breast cancer by maintaining a healthy weight,
drinking less alcohol, being physically active and breastfeeding their children.
These modifications might prevent 38% of breast cancers in the US, 42% in the
UK, 28% in Brazil and 20% in China.

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

Esophageal cancer (or oesophageal
cancer) is malignancy of the esophagus.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
and odynophagia (painful swallowing) are
the most common symptoms of esophageal
cancer.

DIAGNOSIS
Clinical evaluation
Although an occlusive tumor may be suspected on a barium
swallow or barium meal, the diagnosis is best made
with esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, endoscopy)

THE TREATMENT is determined by the cellular type of cancer
(adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma vs other types), the stage of the
disease, the general condition of the patient and other diseases present. On
the whole, adequate nutrition needs to be assured, and adequate dental care is
vital.

RESEARCH
Because cancer is a class of diseases,

it is unlikely that there
will ever be a single "cure for cancer" any more than there will
be a single treatment for all infectious diseases.

Angiogenesis inhibitors were once thought to have potential
as a "silver bullet" treatment applicable to many types of
cancer, but this has not been the case in practice.

Experimental cancer treatments are treatments that are being
studied to see whether they work.

Typically, these are studied in clinical trials to compare the
proposed treatment to the best existing treatment.