TOPICS

Types of damping
I. Viscous damping
II.Coulomb damping
III.Structural damping
IV.Non-linear damping

Differential equations of damped free
vibrations.
Submitted by-
Abhishek negi
SG-11902
Mechanical 6
th
semester
Damping is the resistance offered by a body to the motion of a
vibratory systems. The resistance may be applied by a liquid or
solid internally or externally.
Example- motion of the car wheel in water is resisted by water
itself, because of resistance vibrations die out over a few cycles of
motion.
for small damping value negligible influence on natural
frequency of system.

amplitude of vibration is max. at start which decreases and
finally lost with time.

rate of decrement in amplitude depend on amount of damping.
ADVANTAGE

o It control the amplitude of vibration so that failure due to
resonance may avoided.
o It improve the efficiency of the system.
o It makes some of the machinery user friendly(regarding to
comfort).
TYPES

I. Viscous damping
II. Coulomb damping
III.Structural damping
IV.Non-linear damping
When the system allowed to vibrate in a viscous medium
the damping is called as Viscous damping.

Viscosity is the property of a fluid due to which it offers
resistance.

It offers resistance to the motion of one layer over the
adjacent
In fig. upper plate move parallel to fix
plate with a velocity . Net force F is
required to maintain vel. of the plate.
F= At

A = area of plate
t = thickness of the fluid film
= coeff. Of absolute viscosity

This force F can also be written as
F = c
so c = A/t
c = viscous damping coefficient
Main component of viscous damper
cylinder
piston
viscous fluid
More the clearance more velocity of piston
hence it will offer less value of c.
Damping resistance depends upon pressure
difference on both side of piston.

Fig. shows the example of free vibrations
with viscous damping.
The equation of motion for the system
can be written as
m + c + kx = 0
Energy dissipation in viscous
damping

for a viscously damped system
F = c
= dx/dt

Work done dW = F.dx =(c.dx/dt).dx
The rate of change of work per cycle
i.e.

Assuming simple harmonic motion for which x = A
sint
so putting this x we finally get
E = cA
2

Specific Damping ratio
= E/E = 2c / m
Damping offered by the frictional force between two surfaces due to
relative motion of those two surfaces.
F = R
N



The damping resistance is almost constant
and does not depend on the rubbing
velocity.

The three possible condition of coulomb
damping are shown in figure.
for leftward motion of body
m + kx = F



Where
n
= (k/m)

Solving for constant using boundary conditions we
finally get
This solution hold good for half the cycle. So for t = /
n
x = (x
0
F/k)cos + F/k = (x
0
2F/k)
The initial displacement x
0
is reduced
by 2F/k during half cycle.

In one complete cycle initial
displacement reduced by 4F/k.

The natural frequency of the system
remains unchanged in coulumb
damping.

Solution for above equation can be
written as
This type of damping is due to resistance offered by elastic properties
from within the body.
The magnitude of this damping is very small as compared to other
dampings.
experimentally for elastic body
loading and unloading conditions a
loop is formed on stress-strain curve.
this is called hysteresis loop.
area of loop is amount of energy
dissipated in one cycle during
vibrations.
E is not the function of frequency but
approximately proportional to the
square of amplitude of vibration and
proportional to stiffness
E = kA
2
where A = amplitude of vibration
= dimensionless damping factor
Also E = A
2
Where = k

If this energy is treated equals to energy dissipation by viscous
damping

cA
2
= A
2
c = /
F = c = A/

Amplitude decay is found to be exponential in nature.

oWhen force is plotted against
displacement then a close loop is
formed.

oThe area of the loop denotes the
energy dissipated by the damper in
one cycle of motion.
Microscopic slip occurs on the interfaces of machine element which causes
dissipation of vibrational energy when the interface of machine element
are under fluctuating loads.
amount of damping depends upon
surface roughness, contact pressure
and amplitude of vibration.
the energy dissipated per cycle
depends upon the coefficient of
friction, contact pressure and
amplitudes.
there is a optimum value of pressure
for which the energy dissipated is
maximum.
this value is different for different
amplitudes.
Larger the energy dissipation larger
is the effective damping in the system.
Let us take a damped spring and mass system for vibration analysis.
We know that viscous damping force is proportional to the velocity across
the damper, so we are using viscous damping here.
A mass m is attached from one end of the spring k, the other end is fixed.
A damper is also provided as shown in figure.
Damping force = c
Accelerating force = m
Spring force = kx

Thus the equation of motion will be
m + c + kx = 0
Also called the Characteristics
equation.

This is differential equation of 2
nd

order in x.
Free body diagram
Assuming a solution of the form
x = e
ut
Then = ue
ut
= u
2
e
ut
Substituting these values we get
mu
2
e
ut
+ cue
ut
+ ke
ut
= 0
u
2
+ (cu/m) + (k/m) = 0
Solving for u we get
Now solution can be written as

x = A
1
e
u1t
+ A
2
e
u2t

Where A1 and A2 are two arbitrary constants and u1 and u2 are two roots
Critical damping (c
c
) is defined as the value of damping coefficient c for
which the term (c/2m)
2
k/m becomes zero.

c
c
/2m = (k/m)
c
c
= 2m

Damping ratio = = c/c
c
We can write the term c/2m as
c/2m = (c/c
c
)(c
c
/2m) =

So the characteristic equation now written as