Neural Crest Cell / Orthodontic Courses by Indian Dental Academy

NEURAL CREST CELL &
DEVELOPMENT OF SOFT
TISSUE OF FACE

INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY

Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Embryogenesis is
divided into three
phases
Pre implantation period
(first 7 days)
Embryonic period (next 7
weeks)
Fetal period (3 9 months)
Neural crest cells
Neural plate
Notochord
Primitive streak
Ectodermal cells
Germ layers
Morula
zygote
Embryology first week
Second week
Bilaminar embryonic disc
Epiblast / ectoderm
2
nd
germ layer
Embryo resembles disc
Second week
Heusers membrane
Second week
FORMATION OF PROCHORDAL PLATE
Bilaminar disc
Hypoblast cells- columnar
Indicates the future site of mouth
Cranial region of embryo
3
rd
week
Rapid development
Primitive streak formation
3
rd
germ layer formation
Notochord
Trilaminar embryo
3
rd
week
Prochordal plate
Head region
Hypoblast
Primitive streak
Tail region
Epiblast
Formation of notochord

Primitive streak
Primitive knot
Canalization of cord cells
Primitive streak and node
Migration of cells b/w
hypoblast and epiblast
3
rd
week Notochord

Notochord is the structure around
which the vertebral column forms

Developing notochord induces the
overlying ectoderm to form neural
plate
Neurulation
End of 3 week
Formation of neural tube and
neural plate
Formation of neural tube
Neurulation
Neurulation
Neural crest cells
Ectomesenchymal in nature

Major source of connective tissue
components, including cartilage,
bone and ligaments of facial and
oral region

Contribute to muscles and arteries
of this region
Ectomesenchymal tissue termed
neural crest cells appears in
the intermediate zone between
the surface ectoderm and the
neural tube during
neurulation.

Migraton is so excessive & their role is so imp
Considered as fourth primary germ layer www.indiandentalacademy.com
Source and pattern of
migration to the developing
face and branchial arch system
As they migrate from rhombomeres ,carry with them homeobox gene
From the site.

Characteristics of neural
crest cells.

Pluripotent cells

Migration

Cyto-differentiation

Neural crest cells
Derivatives
Connective tissue Muscles Nervous tissues
Sensory ganglia
ANS
Pigment cells Endocrine tissues
Derivatives of neural
crest cells.
Connective tissue-

- Ectomesenchyme of facial
prominences and
branchial arches
- Bones and cartilages of facial
visceral skeleton

annotated_embryo.mov

-Dermis of face and neck

-Stroma of salivary ,thymus
thyroid,parathyroid and
pituitary gland
-Corneal mesenchyme
-Aortic arch arteries

-Dental papilla

-Portions of periodontal ligament
,Cementum

Muscle tissue-

-Ciliary muscles

-Covering connective tissue of
branchial arch muscles

Nervous tissue-
-Leptomeninges.

-Schwann sheath cells

Endocrine tissues

Adrenomedullary cells

carotid body
Pigment cells

Melanocytes in all tissues

Melanophores of iris
Neural crest cells
Derivatives
Connective tissue Muscles Nervous tissues
Sensory ganglia
ANS
Pigment cells Endocrine tissues

Sensory ganglia-
-Autonomic ganglia.
-Spinal dorsal root ganglia.

-Sensory ganglia.

ANS-
-Sympathetic ganglia.

-Parasympathetic ganglia.

Factors affecting
migration

Extra cellular molecules: like
fibronectin

Vitamin A,isotretinoin

13 cis-retinoic acid

Mutant genes
Factors effecting the
normal growth of neural
crest derivatives

Number of cells leaving the
neural tube
Rate of migration
Proportion of dividing
Minimal period between
successive divisions
Number of cells that die

Characteristics of neural
crest cells

Regulation

Significance of neural
crest cells

In craniofacial region

Differentiate to form most of
the connective tissue of head -
ectomesenchyme
Significance in
development of dentition
Neural crest is primary
material for odontogenesis.

Interaction between neural
crest, pharyngeal endoderm and
oral ectoderm produces the
dental lamina.

Neural crest provides material
for dentin, pulp and cementum.
Altered Neural Crest
Development
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis

Hemifacial Microsomia

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Due to deficiences of midline
tissues of the neural plate
,caused by very high level of
ethanol.
Branchial arches or
pharyngeal arches
Each pair of branchial arches
contain a basic set of
structure

Cartilage component
Muscular component
Vascular component
Nervous component
Branchial arches
Develops due to neural crest
migration in the 4
th
week
Mesenchyme of each branchial arch
gives rise to muscles, cartilages
and bone

First branchial arch
(mandibular arch)
1
st
branchial arch
MANDIBULAR ARCH
Muscles
Skeletal structures
Ligaments
Cartilage
Nerve
COMPONENTS OF 1st ARCH

Cartilage : MECKELS CARTILAGE
--Arises 41st 45th Day I.U
--It provides a template for
subsequent development of the
mandible.

Structures formed by
cartilaginous component
Nerve supply
2
nd
branchial arch
HYOID ARCH
Muscles
Skeletal structures
Ligaments
Cartilage
Nerve
Second branchial arch
(Hyoid Arch)
Components:

Cartilage : Reicherts Cartilage
(45th 48th I.U)

-- Stapes
-- Styloid process of the
temporal bone.
_ _Stylohyoid ligament.
-- Lessor horn of sphenoid.
-- Cranial part - Body of
Hyoid.
Muscles :

-- Stapedius
-- Stylohyoid
-- Post. Belly of
Digastric
-- auricular
-- muscles of
facial expression

.
Nerve :
-- Facial / VII Cranial
nerve.
-- Chorda tympani nerve
(Ant 2/3rd of Tongue)
Artery :
-- Stapedial artery
-- Transient i.e. disappears
during fetal life

Nerve supply
3
rd
branchial arch
3
rd
Arch
9
th
CN Stylopharyngeous
Greater cornu of hyoid
Lower part of body of hyoid
4
th
& 6
th
branchial arch
4
TH
& 6
TH
Arch
Sup. Laryngeal N
Rec. Laryngeal N
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cunieform
cricothyroid
constrictors of pharynx
Laryngeal muscles
Ectodermal clefts
Epi. Lining of ext. acoustic meatus
Auricle
Ectodermal clefts
Branchial cyst Branchial sinus
Endodermal pouches

Branchial arch malformations
Branchial cyst

Branchial sinus

Branchial fistula
Thanx
Development of Tongue
Tongue
Tongue
Tongue
Papillae and taste buds

End of 8
th
week vallate & foliate( 9
th
CN)????

Relation to terminal branches OF 9
th
CN
Tongue
Fungiform papillae develop near termination of chorda
tympani
Filiform

Appear in early fetal life
No taste buds
Sensitive to touch
Tongue
Nerve supply

Lingual N
Chorda tympani
Glossopharyngeal N
Vagus N
Tongue
Important points

2
nd
branchial arch does not contribute to tongue formation
Chorda tympani supplies fungiform papillae????

Tongue
Tongue
Tongue
Lymphatic drainage
Tongue
Clinical
correlation
Tongue tie
Macroglossia
Microglossia
Bifid tongue
Fissured tongue
Rhomboid tongue

Malformations of tongue
Ankyloglossia
Fissured tongue
Bifid tongue
Median rhomboid glossitis
Macroglossia
Hypertrophy of papillae
Development of the
face
Face is derived from the
following structures that lie
around the stomatodaeum:
Frontonasal process
First pharyngeal arch
Facial prominences
Upper lip

maxillary process with medial &
lateral nasal process
Frontonasal process becomes narrow

Lower lip and jaw

Mand. Prominences

Nose
medial & lateral nasal
process (rt & lt)

Eye
lens placode

Dev. Of the face starts at
the end of 4 week

Facial Malformations
References
The Developing Human - Keith L Moore
Craniofacial Embryology -
G.H.Sperber
Human Embryology - I.B.Singh
Color Atlas of Oral Path - Robinson,
Miller


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