BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

INSTRUMENTATION
EAB 3602
DR. SAMSUZANA ABD AZIZ
suzana@eng.upm.edu.my
Ext: 4326
INTRODUCTION
Class schedule: Teusday, 8 am - 10 pm, BK10
Lab: Wednesday 2-5 pm (starts next week)
Instrumentation Lab, KEE (Tower, Level 6) :Lab 1-7
Makmal Pemprosesan BahanBio, KBP: Lab 8-10
Grading:
Quiz & Assignment : 10 %
Lab : 20 %
Test 1 & 2 : 30 %
Final Exam : 40 %
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References:
Fundamentals of Electricity for Agriculture- Robert
J Gustafon and Mark T Morgan 2004. 3
rd
Edition.
Electronic Instrumentation H S Kalsi, 2004
(McGraw-Hill , 2
nd
Edition)
Introduction to Instrumentation and
Measurements Robert B. Northrop, 2005 (CRC
Press , 2
nd
Edition)
Notes and Handouts
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Lecture 1
ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS

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Introduction
To introduce electronic instrumentation
systems so the students will acquire an ability
to make accurate and meaningful
measurements of mechanical and thermal
quantity.
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Introduction
Instrumentation is a technology of
measurement
Measuring is basically used to monitor a
process or operation, or as well as the
controlling process.
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Quantity
Mechanical quantity:
Strain, force, pressure, moment, torque,
displacement, velocity, acceleration, flow velocity,
mass flow rate, volume flow rate, frequency, and
time
Thermal quantity:
Temperature, heat flux, specific heat, and thermal
conductivity
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Electronic Instrumentation System
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Power Supply Transducer
Conditioning
Circuit
Amplifier
Recorder Data processor Engineering Analysis
Power supply provides the energy to drive
the transducer
Electronic Instrumentation System
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Power Supply Transducer
Conditioning
Circuit
Amplifier
Recorder Data processor Engineering Analysis
The transducer is an analog device that
converts a change in the mechanical or
thermal quantity being measured into a
change of electrical quantity.

E.g. Strain --- Resistance
Strain gage
type
transducers
Electronic Instrumentation System
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Power Supply Transducer
Conditioning
Circuit
Amplifier
Recorder Data processor Engineering Analysis
Signal conditioners are electronic circuit
that convert, compensate, or manipulate
the output from the transducer into a
more usable electrical quantity.

E.g. resistance --- voltage using a
Wheatstone Bridge
Electronic Instrumentation System
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Power Supply Transducer
Conditioning
Circuit
Amplifier
Recorder Data processor Engineering Analysis
Amplifiers are required in the system when
the voltage output from the transducer-
signal conditioner combinations is small.

E.g. Amplifier with gains of 10 to 1000 are
used to increase the signals to level (1-
10V) that are compatible with the voltage-
measuring devices used in the system.
Electronic Instrumentation System
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Power Supply Transducer
Conditioning
Circuit
Amplifier
Recorder Data processor Engineering Analysis
Recorders are voltage-measuring devices
used to display the measurement in a form
that can be read and interpreted.
Recorders may be analog (oscilloscopes
and magnetic ape recorder) or digital
(numerical array).
Electronic Instrumentation System
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Power Supply Transducer
Conditioning
Circuit
Amplifier
Recorder Data processor Engineering Analysis
Data processors are used with instrument
systems that incorporate analog- to-digital
converters (A.D) and provide the output
signal presenting the measurement in a
digital code. The output from the
processor is displayed in graphs or tables.
Example: Computer
Electronic Instrumentation System
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Power Supply Transducer
Conditioning
Circuit
Amplifier
Recorder Data processor Engineering Analysis
An Engineering analysis is conducted to
evaluate new or modified designs of a
machine component, structure, electronic
system, or vehicle to ensure efficient and
reliable performance when the prototype
is placed in operation.
QUALITIES OF MEASUREMENTS
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Static
Dynamic
HOW TO QUANTIFY?
Error Measurements
Statistical Analysis
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STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
Static Characteristic:
used to define the performance criteria for the
measurement of quantities that remain constant
(Considered for instrument to measure unvarying
process condition)
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Measurement Errors
Deviation of a reading from the
expected value of the measured
variable
Extent of measurement error must be
stated with the measurement
Error in measurement is expressed as
absolute error or percentage of error
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Error Calculation
Absolute error (e)

The difference
between the
expected (Yn) and the
measured (Xn) value
of a variable

Percentage of error


e = Y
n
- X
n

Percent error = (100)
Y
n
Yn - X
n
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Types of Static Errors
Divided into four categories:
Gross Errors
Systematic Errors
Random Errors
Limiting Errors
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Gross Errors
Generally the fault of the person using
the measuring instrument such as
incorrect reading, incorrect recording,
incorrect use etc
Avoidable and must be identified and
minimized if not eliminated

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Systematic Errors
Probable causes:
Instrument error
Environmental effect
Observational errors
Causes shall be identified and
corrected

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Random Errors
o Generally an accumulation of large
numbers of small inherent causes
o Shall be statistically analyzed and
reduced
o Prompt for better accuracy and
precise instrument
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Limiting Errors
o Manufacturing limitation to the
accuracy of an instrument
o Stated as percentage of full-scale
deflection
o Increases as measured value less
than full-scale deflection
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Limiting Errors (contd)

Example:
A 300-V voltmeter is specified to be accurate within
2% at full scale. Calculate the limiting error when
the instrument is used to measure a 120-V source.
The magnitude of the limiting error is
2/100 x 300 = 6V
Therefore, the limiting error at 120 V is
6/120 x 100 = 5%
(reading < full scale, limiting error increased)

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Accuracy
The degree of exactness
of a measurement
compared to the
expected value


A = 1 -
Y
n
Y
n
- X
n
Accuracy vs. Precision
Precision
A measure of consistency,
or repeatability of
measurements
X
n
- X
n
Precision = 1 -
X
n
Xn = the value of the nth measurement

n
X
= the average of the set of n
measurements
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Example
The expected value of the voltage across a resistor
is 5.0V. However, measurement yields a value of
4.9V. Calculate:

a) absolute error (0.1)
b)% error (2%)
c) relative accuracy (0.98)
d) % accuracy (98%)

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
Dynamic Characteristic
Concerned with the relationship between the
system input and output when the measured
quantity is varying rapidly

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Dynamic Characteristic
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Example:
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Measurement Uncertainty
Probability that a reading falls within
the interval that contain true value
Confidence level for margin of errors
Statistically determined
Reflect instrument imprecision

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Statistical Analysis of Error in
Measurement
oMean value/ Arithmetic Mean
oDeviation
oAverage deviation (D)
oStandard deviation (S)



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n
1 i
n 3 2 1

x x x x

n
x
n
x
i

Arithmetic mean/average
n = total number of piece of data
x
n
= the value of the nth measurement
x
i
= set of number
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Deviation
The difference between each piece of
data and arithmetic mean

x x d
n n

* Note
0
2 1

n tot
d d d d
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Average deviation (D)
precision of a measuring instrument
- high D low precision
- low D high precision

n
d d d
D
n

2 1


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Standard deviation (S)
The degree to which the value vary about the
average value

30 n for
1 1
1
2
1
2

n
d
n
x x
S
n
i
i
n
i
i
30 n for
1
2

n
d
S
n
i
i
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Example
For the following data compute
(a) The arithmetic mean (49.9)
(b) The deviation of each value (0.2,-0.2,-0.3,0.3)
(c) The algebraic sum of the deviation (0)
(d) The average deviation (0.25)
(e) The standard deviation (0.294)

x
1
= 50.1
x
2
= 49.7
x
3
= 49.6
x
4
= 50.2
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Calibration
Process of establishing the relation
between the indication of a measuring
instrument and the value of a
measurement standard
Traceability to International Standard
Calibration improve accuracy
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THE END
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