1.

CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL If + Present Simple, Present Simple
FIRST CONDITIONAL If + Present Simple, Future
SECOND CONDITIONAL If + Past Simple, would + Infinitive
THIRD CONDITIONAL If + Past Perfect, would + have + Past Participle

0 CONDITIONAL [ If + Pres S ] , [ Pres S ] If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils
1 CONDITIONAL [ If + Pres S ] , [ Future ] If it rains tomorrow, well go to the cinema
2 CONDITIONAL [ If + Past S ] , [would + Inf.] If I had a lot of money, I would
travel around the world
3 CONDITIONAL [ If + PastPerf] , [ would + have + PastPart] If I had gone to bed early, I would
have caught the train

0 CONDITIONAL (general truths)
If you sit in the sun, you get burned
1 CONDITIONAL (we believe is possible)
If you sit in the sun, youll get burned. If she studies harder, shell pass the exam.
2 CONDITIONAL (we believe to be impossible or very improbable)
If she studied harder, she would pass the exam If I had his number, I would call him
3 CONDITIONAL (events which cannot be changed, condition is impossible and its consequence is imaginary)
If we had taken a taxi, we wouldnt have missed the plane
1. CONDITIONALS
UNLESS (if not,)
Used with the present tense to talk about the future
Unless you drive more slowly, Ill be sick
We wont have time to reach the top of the mountain unless we set out early

IN CASE
Shows an action is taken because of something else that might happen
Unless you drive more slowly, Ill be sick
We wont have time to reach the top of the mountain unless we set out early

PROVIDED / PROVIDING THAT AS / SO LONG AS
Used with a present tense to talk about the future
As long as we all stay toghether, well have a great time
Provided that it doesnt snow too heavily, Ill see you here at six oclock

I WISH IF ONLY

2. THE TO INFINITIVE AND -ING
1 VERB + TO INFINITIVE
(cant) afford to agree to/that aim to arrange to/that
attempt to choose to decided to/that demand to/that
deserve to fail to hope to/that learn to
manage to neglect to offer to omit to
plan to prepare to pretend to/that promise to/that
refuse to seem to tend to threaten to/that
(cant) wait to wish to
If you decide to add nuts

Following verbs +to infinitive always have an object
dare to encourage to force to invite to
order to persuade to remind to teach to
tell to warn to
Her father taught her to play tennis

Following verbs +to infinitive sometimes have an object
want to ask to expecto to beg to
help to intend to
We expected to be late / We expected Tom to be late

Would like, would love, would prefer are also followed by the to infinitive
2. THE TO INFINITIVE AND -ING
2 VERB + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO (modal verbs)
Can could may might must neednt shall
sholud will would
Had better
Would rather
You should add them slowly

Help can be followed by the infinitive with or without to
We helped them (to) start their car

Make, let (always with an object) are followed by the infinitive
Let the cake cool for half an hour

The passive form of make is followed by the infinitive
I was made to do my homework

2. THE TO INFINITIVE AND -ING
3 VERB + ING
admit (that) appreciate (that) avoid cant face
cant help cant stand carry on confess (that)
consider (that) delay deny (that) detest
dislike enjoy fancy feel like
finish give up imagine (that)
involve
keep / keep on (that) mention (that) (not) mind miss
postpone practise put off risk
resist suggest (that)

I enjoy making it
Avoid adding the eggs
Keep doing this
I suggest adding this
Cant you imagine not having
2. THE TO INFINITIVE AND -ING
4 VERBS + TO INFINITIVE OR -ING (with no difference in meaning)
attempt beggin cant bear continue
hate like love prefer
propose (that) start
Continue adding the flour / Continue to add the flour
I prefer using apricots / I prefer to use apricots
I love making cakes / I love to make cakes

Two ing forms do not usualy follow each other
I was starting to make (making) a cake when the phone rang

Like + to infinitive has a slightly different meaning from like + ing
I like to catch the early bus on Mondays (its not smthg necessarily I enjoy)
I like dancing (I enjoy doing that)

When we use would + verb is always followed by to infinitive
She would like to go out but we would prefer to stay in

2. THE TO INFINITIVE AND -ING
5 VERBS + TO INFINITIVE OR -ING (with a difference in meaning)
remember (that) forget (that) regret (that) try
stop mean go on
Verb + to infnitivie Verb + ing
Rememebr to chek whether the cake is ready I remember checking that I had my keys when I left the house
(an action will be ne cessary) (a memory of a past aciont)

Dont forget to add the baking powder Ill never forget going to school on my own for the first time
(an action will be necessary) (a memory of a past action)

I regret to inform you that your application We regret sending our daughter to that school
(Im sorry to tell you) (we wish we hadnt)

Try to ice the cake quickly Try adding nuts as it will improve the flavour
(attempt to do it quickly if you can) (as an experiment)

She stopped to have a rest Stop beating when the mixture is pale and fluffy
(in order to have a rest) (finish doing it)

They dont mean to upset you If you go by train that means taking a taxi to the station
(they dont intend to) (it involves)

He went on to tell them how to make a different cake They went on cycling until they reached the farm
(the next thing he did was to tell them) (they continued)

2. THE TO INFINITIVE AND -ING
6 VERB + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE OR NO OBJECT + -ING
advise (that) allow forbid permit
recommend (that)

To + inf (object) - Ing (no object)
I recommend you to use apricots I recommend using apricots
I advise you to add nuts I advise adding nuts

7 VERB + -ING OR INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO (with a difference in meaning)
feel hear notice see
watch
I watched the boys playing football I watched the boy kick the football into the road
(an activity continue over a period of time) (short completed action)

She heard her mother singing as she came downstairs She heard the doorbell ring
(continuing action) (a short completed action)

8 ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY THE TO INFINITIVE
delighted expensive happy impossible interesting pleased possible
safe sorry surprised

9 ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY BOTH
dangerous difficult easy nice

3. USED TO and WOULD
1. USED TO + INF (actions and states)
I used to have a tricycle when I was five years old Actions which no longer happen
John used to have long hair before he joined the army Permanent situtations as well as habitual
actions

I didnt used to go abroad for my holidays before I won the lottery Negative


2. WOULD + INF (actions)
I would often get up for work at seven, then get the bus at eight Past habitual actions which were repetead
They would sometimes take us to the park Past habitual actions which were repetead

3. BE or GET / USED TO + ING / NOUN (with all tenses past, present or future)
Im used to getting up early everyday To get or to be accustomed to
He wasnt used to criticism and Followed by a noun
My grandmother was used to working She was accustomed to..
One thing Ive found it hard to get used to is using.

3. USED TO and WOULD
1. COULD, MIGHT, MAY To speculate about sth sb is insure about
It could be a sea eagle, though the feathers look too dark
That star youre looking at might in fact be Jupiter
The answer may be to readvertise the job
2. MUST Is used to indicate certainity


3. FUTURE TENSE
1. FUTURE SIMPLE (SHALL / WILL)
Future plans or events Ill give you a ring sometime
Predictions based on general beliefs Mass space travel will soon become possible

2. GOING TO
Future plans (happen soon) Im going to clear out the chicken cupboards at the
weekend
Intentions James says hes going to work harder
Predictions based on facts or events Its going to snow tonight

3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Inminent future events Im having a meeting with Charlotte at two oclock
Definite future arrangements Johnnys starting school next September

4. PRESENT SIMPLE
Events based on a timetable The plane leaves at 9:45
Future intentions NASA plans to send further rockets to Mars
Definite planned events The new pool is due to open in April






3. FUTURE TENSE
1. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Thinking ahead to a certain point in the future Tom will be sharing an office with Fran

2. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
Events have not yet happened, but will definitely do This time next year Ill have finished my course

3. FUTURE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Duration At the end of June, Henry will have been working here for six years






4. PHRASAL VERBS
DEPENDING ON THE PREPOSITION OR ADVERB HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS
He turned back because he had left something at home ( changed direction)
He turned down the invitation because he was feeling tired (refused)
They turned up unexpectedly (arrived)
SOME PHRASAL VERBS HAVE SEVERAL MEANINGS
She put on her clothes (she got dressed)
She put on weight (her weight increased)
She put on the light (she switched the light on)
The students put on a play (performed)

1 VERBS + PREPOSITION