Elizabeth Sayed

Elizabeth Stoltzfus
December 4, 2002
Project 2 Presentation
Spatial Databases
GIS Case Studies
UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
2
UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
"#enda

Spatial Database Basics

Geographic Information Systems GIS! Basics

"ase Studies
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
Spatial Database Basics

"ommon applications
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Spatial Databases Back#round

Spatial databases pro$ide structures for storage and analysis of spatial data

Spatial data is comprised of ob%ects in multi&dimensional space

Storing spatial data in a standard database 'ould re(uire e)cessi$e amounts of space

*ueries to retrie$e and analyze spatial data from a standard database 'ould be long and
cumbersome lea$ing a lot of room for error

Spatial databases pro$ide much more efficient storage, retrie$al, and analysis of spatial data
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$ypes o% Data Stored in Spatial Databases

,'o&dimensional data e)amples

-
Geographical
-
"artesian coordinates 2&D!
-
.et'or/s
-
Direction

,hree&dimensional data e)amples

-
0eather
-
"artesian coordinates #&D!
-
,opological
-
Satellite images
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Spatial Databases Uses and Users

,hree types of uses

-
2anage spatial data
-
3nalyze spatial data
-
4igh le$el utilization

3 fe' e)amples of users

-
,ransportation agency trac/ing pro%ects
-
Insurance ris/ manager considering location ris/ profiles
-
Doctor comparing 2agnetic 5esonance Images 25Is!
-
Emergency response determining (uic/est route to $ictim
-
2obile phone companies trac/ing phone usage
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
Spatial Databases Uses and Users

,hree types of uses

-
2anage spatial data
-
3nalyze spatial data
-
4igh le$el utilization

3 fe' e)amples of users

-
,ransportation agency trac/ing pro%ects
-
Insurance ris/ manager considering location ris/ profiles
-
Doctor comparing 2agnetic 5esonance Images 25Is!
-
Emergency response determining (uic/est route to $ictim
-
2obile phone user determining current relati$e location of businesses
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
Spatial Database &ana#e'ent Syste'

Spatial Database 2anagement System SDB2S! pro$ides the capabilities of a traditional

database management system DB2S! 'hile allo'ing special storage and handling of spatial
data8

SDB2S9
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0or/s 'ith an underlying DB2S
-
3llo's spatial data models and types
-
Supports (uerying language specific to spatial data types
-
:ro$ides handling of spatial data and operations
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
SDB&S $(ree)layer Structure

SDB2S 'or/s 'ith a spatial application at the front

end and a DB2S at the bac/ end

SDB2S has three layers9

-
Interface to spatial application
-
"ore spatial functionality
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Interface to DB2S
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Core Spatial
*unctionality
,a)onomy
Data types
<perations
*uery language
3lgorithms
3ccess methods
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Spatial +uery ,an#ua#e

.umber of specialized adaptations of S*>

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Spatial (uery language
-
,emporal (uery language ,S*>2!
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<b%ect (uery language <*>!
- <b%ect oriented structured (uery language <
2
S*>!

Spatial (uery language pro$ides tools and structures specifically for 'or/ing 'ith spatial data

S*># pro$ides 2D geospatial types and functions

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Spatial +uery ,an#ua#e Operations

,hree types of (ueries9

-
Basic operations on all data types e8g8 IsEmpty, En$elope, Boundary!
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,opological?set operators e8g8 Dis%oint, ,ouch, "ontains!
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Spatial analysis e8g8 Distance, Intersection, SymmDiff!
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Spatial Data Entity Creation

@orm an entity to hold county names, states, populations, and geographies

"5E3,E ,3B>E "ounty
.ame $archar#0!,
State $archar#0!,
:op Integer,
Shape :olygon!A

@orm an entity to hold ri$er names, sources, lengths, and geographies

"5E3,E ,3B>E 5i$er
.ame $archar#0!,
Source $archar#0!,
Distance Integer,
Shape >ineString!A
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
E-a'ple Spatial +uery

@ind all the counties that border on "ontra "osta county

SE>E", "=8.ame
@5<2 "ounty "=, "ounty "2
04E5E ,ouch"=8Shape, "28Shape! B = 3.D "28.ame B C"ontra "ostaDA

@ind all the counties through 'hich the 2erced ri$er runs
SE>E", "8.ame, 58.ame
@5<2 "ounty ", 5i$er 5
04E5E Intersect"8Shape, 58Shape! B = 3.D 58.ame B C2ercedDA
"5E3,E ,3B>E "ounty
.ame $archar#0!,
State $archar#0!,
:op Integer,
Shape :olygon!A
"5E3,E ,3B>E 5i$er
.ame $archar#0!,
Source $archar#0!,
Distance Integer,
Shape >ineString!A
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Geo#rap(ic In%or'ation Syste' .GIS/ Basics

"ommon applications
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GIS "pplications

=8 "artographic
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Irrigation
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>and e$aluation
-
"rop 3nalysis
-
3ir *uality
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,raffic patterns
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:lanning and facilities management

28 Digital ,errain 2odeling

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Earth science resources
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"i$il Engineering E 2ilitary E$aluation
-
Soil Sur$eys
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:ollution Studies
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@lood "ontrol

#8 Geographic ob%ects
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"ar na$igation systems
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Ftility distribution and consumption
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"onsumer product and ser$ices
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
GIS Data *or'at

2odeling
=8 Gector - geometric ob%ects such as points, lines and polygons
28 5aster - array of points

3nalysis
=8 Geomorphometric -slope $alues, gradients, aspects, con$e)ity
28 3ggregation and e)pansion
#8 *uerying

Integration
=8 5elationship and con$ersion among $ector and raster data
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
GIS 0 Data &odelin# usin# Objects 1 *ields
2a'e S(ape
:ine H0,2!, 4,2!, 4,4!, 0,4!I
@ir H0,0!, 2,0!, 2,2!, 0,2!I
<a/ H2,0!, 4,0!, 4,2!, 2,2!

:ine
@ir <a/
0,4!
0,2!
0,0! 2,0! 4,0!
<b%ect Gie'point @ield Gie'point
:ine9 0J)J4A 2JyJ4
@ir9 0J)J2A 0JyJ2
<a/9 2J)J4A 0JyJ2
Source9 KSpatial :ictogram Enhanced Data 2odels pg 6;
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
Conceptual Data &odelin#

5elational Databases9 E5 diagram

>imitations for E5 'ith respect to Spatial databases9

-
"an not capture semantics
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.o notion of /ey attributes and uni(ue <IDDs in a field model
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E5 5elationship bet'een entities deri$ed from application under consideration
-
Spatial 5elationships are inherent bet'een ob%ects

Solution9 :ictograms for Spatial "onceptual Data&2odeling

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Picto#ra's ) S(apes

$ypes9 Basic Shapes, 2ulti&Shapes, Deri$ed Shapes, 3lternate Shapes, 3ny possible
Shape, Fser&Defined Shapes
Basic Shapes 3lternate Shapes
2ulti&Shapes 3ny :ossible Shape
Deri$ed Shapes Fser Defined Shape
. 0, .

L
M
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
E-tendin# t(e ER Dia#ra' 3it( Spatial
Picto#ra's: State Park E-a'ple
@orest @acility
BelongsNto
5i$er
Standard ER Dia#ra'
SuppliesNto
@ire Station
2onitors
>ineID
:ointID
:ointID
0ithin
,ouches
@i.ame
@ac.ame
5.ame
@o.ame
@orest
@acility
BelongsNto
5i$er
SuppliesNto
@ire Station
2onitors
@i.ame
@ac.ame
5.ame
@o.ame
Spatial ER Dia#ra'
:olygonID
2=
UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
Case Studies

Specific applications of spatial databases

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Case Study: 4etlands

<b%ecti$e9 ,o predict the spatial distribution of the

location of bird nests in the 'etlands

>ocation9 Darr and Stubble on the shores of la/e

Erie in <hio

@ocus
=8 Gegetation Durability
28 Distance to <pen 0ater
#8 0ater Depth

3ssumptions 'ith "lassical Data mining

=8 Data is independently generated - no
autocorrelation
28 >ocal $s8 global trends

Spatial accuracy
=8 :redictions $s8 actual
28 Impact
: 3
: :
3 3
3
3
3
:
: : 3
3 3
>ocation of .ests
3ctual :i)el >ocations
"ase =9
:ossible :rediction
"ase 29
:ossible :rediction
Source9 0hatDs Spatial 3bout Spatial Data 2ining pg 4;0
2#
UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
Case Study: Green 5ouse Gas E'ission Esti'ations

Objecti6e9
-
,o assess the impact of land&use and land co$er changes on ground carbon stoc/ and soil
surface flu) of "<
2
, .
2
< and "4
4
in Oambi :ro$ince, Indonesia

&et(odolo#y9
-
Initiated by de$elopment of land&use?land co$er maps and follo'ed by field measurements
-
Spatial database construction de$elopment based on =;71 and =;;2 land&use?land co$er
maps that de$eloped from >andsat 2SS5 and S:<,
-
0eight of sample components of the tree and streams, branches, t'igs, etc 'ere estimated
from e(uations and literature
-
Emission rates 'ere de$eloped by plotting and analyzing collected air samples
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@ield data measurements and GIS spatial data 'ere combined using a >oo/ Fp ,able of
3rc?Info8
Source9 KSpatial Database De$elopment for green house gas emission Estimation using remote sensing and GISP
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
Case Study: Green 5ouse Gas E'ission Esti'ations .cont/

Results9
-
3ble to (uantitati$ely compare emission changes bet'een =;71 to =;;29
o
Determined that there 'as a loss of 78# million tons of "arbon
o
:roportion of primary forest decreased from =;8#Q to =28+Q
o
Sho'ed 24Q of primary forest 'as con$erted into logged forest, shrub,
cash crops
-
Greenhouse gas emission $aried depending on the site condition and season8
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:rocess ga$e impacts of greenhouse gas on the soil surface
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
Case Study: Pantanal "rea7 Bra8il

<b%ecti$e9 ,o assess the drastic land use changes in the :antanal region since =;7+

Data Source9
-
# >andsat ,2 images of the :antal study area from =;7+, =;;0, =;;1
-
3 land&use sur$ey from =;;6

3ssessment 2ethodology9
-
.ormalized Difference Gegetation Inde) .DGI! 'as computed for each year
-
.DGI maps of the three years combined and submitted to multi&dimensional image
segmentation
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"lassified $egetation
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:roduced a color composite by year that identified the density of $egetation
Source9 Integrated Spatial Databases pg ==1
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UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
Conclusion

2any $aried applications of spatial databases

Stores spatial data in $arious formats specific to use

"aptures spatial data more concisely

Enables more thorough understanding of data

5etrie$es and manipulates spatial data more efficiently and effecti$ely

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Proble' Solution
a! @ind all cities that are located 'ithin 2arin "ounty8
SE>E", "28.ame
@5<2 "ounty "=, "ity "2
04E5E 0ithin"=8Shape, "28Shape! B = 3.D "=8.ame B C2arinDA
b! @ind any ri$ers that borders on 2endocino "ounty8
SE>E", 58.ame
@5<2 "ounty ", 5i$er 5
04E5E ,ouch"8Shape, 58Shape! B = 3.D "8.ame B C2endocinoDA
c! @ind the counties that do not touch on <range "ounty8
SE>E", "=8.ame
@5<2 "ounty "=, "ounty "2
04E5E Dis%oint"=8Shape, "28Shape! B = 3.D "28.ame B C<rangeDA
2;
UC Berkeley: IEOR 2!
Proble' 2 Solution
Roo'
5all3ay
Closet
*urniture
>ength
.am
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5oomID
@urnID
4allI
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,ype
"losetID
BelongsN,
o
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