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T L SINGAL : Wireless Communications McGraw-Hill Education 2010

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T L SINGAL : Wireless Communications McGraw-Hill Education 2010
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9
A Basic
Cellular
System
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A Basic Cellular System
Limitations of Conventional Mobile
Telephone System
Consideration of the Components
of a Cellular System
Operation of a Cellular System
Performance Criteria
Planning a Cellular System
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Why Cellular Systems?
Operational limitations of conventional
mobile telephone systems:
High transmitter power in a large
autonomous geographical service area
Limited service capability : no
continuation of call between service areas
Poor service performance : low capacity,
high blocking probability during busy hours
Inefficient frequency spectrum
utilization
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Definition of A Basic Cellular
System
A basic cellular system comprises of many
low power transmitters (LPTs), each
specifically designed to serve only a small area
called a cell.
The same frequency could be reused in
different cells with sufficient distance, causing
negligible effects of interference between
users of the same channel.
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A Basic Cellular System
connected to PSTN
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Parts of a Basic Cellular System
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Cell-Site Equipment (CSE)
A fixed base station used for wireless
communication with mobile subscriber and
signaling/data communication with MTSO
Located at the center or the edge of
coverage region of a cell
Consists of a number of transreceivers,
Tx/Rx antennas mounted on a tall tower, data
links, and power plant
Transmission data rate on data links vary
from 10 Kbps to several Mbps
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Mobile Telephone Switching
Office (MTSO)
The central coordinating element for all the
cell sites connected to it
Interfaces with Public Switch Telephone
Network (PSTN)
Controls call processing and handle billing
activities
Comprises of the switch and the processor
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Mobile Subscriber Unit (MSU)
Comprises of a single antenna,
transreceiver, and microprocessor-based
control circuit
Uses a duplexer or RF switch to separate
the transmit and receive signals
GSM mobile subscriber unit consists of
the Mobile Equipment (ME)
an electronic smart card called a Subscriber
Identity Module (SIM), which plugs into the ME
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Operation of a Cellular System
From a users point of view, the
operation can be divided into four parts
and a handoff procedure
Mobile unit initialization
Mobile originated calls
Network originated calls
Call termination
Handoff procedure
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Mobile Unit Initialization
When a mobile is switched ON, it scans all
control channels and selects the strongest one
(usually from the nearest cell site).
This self-location scheme is user-
independent and repeated periodically to
update.
Mobile gets registered itself with the cell site
as being active.
The MTSO can then track the location of
the mobile by paging it on control channel.
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Mobile Originated Calls
The mobile subscriber places the called
number and press the `send button.
A request for service is sent on a
selected control channel.
The cell site receives it and sends a request
to MTSO for allocation of resources.
After authentication, MTSO directs cell
site to allocate a voice channel for the call.
MTSO also connects the called subscriber.
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Call Processing in Cellular
System
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Network Originated Calls
MTSO receives a call request from Network.
It sends a message to certain cell sites,
based on called mobile number and search
algorithm.
Each cell site transmits the page on its
control channel.
The called mobile unit recognizes its own
ID, and responds to the cell site.
It locks on to assigned voice channel and
initiate user alert tone.
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Call Termination
When the mobile unit terminates the
call, a particular message signal is
transmitted to the cell site.
The voice channel is made free.
The mobile unit resumes monitoring
page messages through the strongest
control channel.
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Handoff Procedure
During the call, when the mobile unit moves
out of the coverage area of its cell site, the
received signal becomes weak.
The present cell site requests a handoff to
MTSO.
The MTSO switches the call to a new voice
channel in a new cell site automatically.
The call continues as long as the
conversation is on.
The mobile user does not notice the handoff
occurrences.
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MSUs Operating on Same MTSO
MSU1CSEBSCMSCBSCCSEMSU2
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MSUs Operating on Different MTSOs
MSU1CSE1MTSO-APSTN MTSO-BCSE2MSU2
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Performance Criteria
Voice Quality
Grade of Service
Spectral Efficiency
Radio Capacity
Service Quality and Special
Features
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Voice Quality (Circuit Merit Level
and MOS)
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Trunking and Grade of Service
Offered traffic load, A
av
= x H
where = average rate of calls, and H =
average holding time per successful call
Total offered traffic intensity, A
t
= Z x A
av

Erlang B formula (also known as the
blocked calls cleared formula) provides a
conservative estimate of the GOS for an
infinite number of mobile subscribers
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Spectral Efficiency
Spectral efficiency defined in terms of
channels/MHz/km
2
can be expressed as

1
= (Total number of channels)/ [(system
bandwidth) (total coverage area)]
Spectral efficiency defined in terms of
Erlangs/MHz/km
2
can be expressed as

2
= (Total traffic load)/ [(system bandwidth)
(total coverage area)]
Overall system spectral efficiency,
=
1
x
2

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Spectral Efficiency of FDMA System
The spectral efficiency of FDMA is the ratio
of total bandwidth available for user data
transmission and allocated system bandwidth
in a cluster, that is,

f
= (N
d
x B
c
) / B
t
< 1

1
= N
d/cell
/ (B
t
x A
cell
) channels/MHz/km
2


2
= (
tr
x N
d/cell
) / (B
t
x A
cell
)
Erlangs/MHz/km
2

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Spectral Efficiency of TDMA System
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Radio Capacity and C/I
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Analog AMPS with Digital TDMA Cellular
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Dropped Call Rate
The dropped call is defined as the drop of an
on-going call after the call is established but
before it is properly terminated.
If there is a possibility of a call drop due to
non-availability of voice channel, this is
counted as a blocked call, not a dropped call.
If there is a possibility of a call drop due to
the poor signal of assigned voice channel,
this is considered a dropped call
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Dropped Call Rate Evaluation
Dropped call can also happen when the
mobile units are at a standstill and the radio
carrier is changed from a strong setup channel
to a weak voice channel due to the selective
frequency fading phenomenon.
The dropped call rate and the specified
voice quality are inversely proportional.
If voice quality is not to be maintained,
dropped call rate can be set very low.
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Factors affecting Dropped Call Rate
Provide signal coverage based on the
probability (say 90%) that all the received
signals will be above the specified threshold
signal level.
Maintain the specified co-channel and
adjacent channel interference levels in each
cell during a busy hour i.e. worst case.
The response time for a handoff request has
to be shorter in order to reduce the call
dropped rate.
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Service Quality Parameters
Coverage: The cellular system should
serve an area as large as possible. However,
with radio coverage, radio system usually tries
to cover 90% of an area in flat terrain and 75%
of an area in hilly terrain.
Required grade of service means less
blocking probability (<0.02)
Number of dropped calls: It must be kept
low. A high drop rate could be caused by either
coverage problem or hand-off problem.
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Special Features
A cellular system would like to provide as
many special features as possible, such as
call forwarding
call waiting
automatic roaming
SMS, etc.
For some special services, the customers
might have to pay extra charges.
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Planning a Cellular System
A good Plan is necessary to ensure a
good service to the Customers.
Objectives of the cellular system
planning are
To find the optimal network solution
Scalability in terms of capacity demand
Future technology evolution
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Stages of Cellular Planning
Regulations and Market Situations
Engineers Role
Finding Solutions
Become fully familiar with rules
and regulations administered by
the central and state government
agencies
Be sure that the plan is workable
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Market Situations
Prediction of gross income based on the
population, average income, business
types, business zones, etc.
Understanding competitors including
their area coverage, system performance
and number of customers. Provide a
unique and outstanding service.
Decision of geographic coverage,
depending upon the type of service to be
provided.
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Engineers Role
Create a plan that uses minimum numbers of cell
sites to cover the given area.
Determine the number of voice channels required
to handle the traffic load at the busy hours
Study the interference problems.
Study blocking probability at each cell site.
Check that area being covered is important
revenue area.
Plan to absorb new customers depending on
service charges, system performance and
seasons of the year.
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Finding Solutions
Use practical design tools
to create a plan that uses minimum numbers of
cell sites.
To determine the number of voice channels
required to handle the traffic load at the busy hours
Find way to reduce interference problems
Try to minimize blocking problems
Try to develop new technologies to utilize fully
the limited rf spectrum assigned
Request for a large spectrum, if necessary
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Network Planning Process
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Nature and Scope of Planning
Areas
Radio network planning
Transmission network planning
Signalling network planning
External connectivity network
planning
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Timing and Information Flow
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Summary
Essential components of a basic cellular
system are CSE, MTSO and MSU.
Performance determining parameters
include voice quality, grade of service,
spectrum efficiency, radio capacity,
service quality, and special features.
A good system plan is necessary to provide
a satisfying service to the customers.
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